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A. Space biomedicine is a relatively new area of research both in the USA and in Europe. Its main objectives are to study the effects of space travel on the human body, identifying the most critical medical problems, and finding solutions to those problems. Space biomedicine centers are receiving increasing direct support from NASA and/or the European Space Agency (ESA).

B. This involvement of NASA and the ESA reflects growing concern that the feasibility of travel to other planets, and beyond, is no longer limited by engineering constraints but by what the human body can actually withstand. The discovery of ice on Mars, for instance, means that there is now no necessity to design and develop a spacecraft large and powerful enough to transport the vast amounts of water needed to sustain the crew throughout journeys that may last many years. Without the necessary protection and medical treatment, however, their bodies would be devastated by the unremittingly hostile environment of space.

C. The most obvious physical changes undergone by people in zero gravity are essentially harmless; in some cases, they are even amusing. The blood and other fluids are no longer dragged down towards the feet by the gravity of Earth, so they accumulate higher up in the body, creating what is sometimes called ‘fat face`, together with the contrasting ‘chicken legs’ syndrome as the lower limbs become thinner.

D. Much more serious are the unseen consequences after months or years in space. With no gravity, there is less need for a sturdy skeleton to support the body, with the result that the bones weaken, releasing calcium into the bloodstream. This extra calcium can overload the kidneys, leading ultimately to renal failure. Muscles too lose strength through lack of use. The heart becomes smaller, losing the power to pump oxygenated blood to all parts of the body, while the lungs lose the capacity to breathe fully. The digestive system becomes less efficient, a weakened immune system is increasingly unable to prevent diseases and the high levels of solar and cosmic radiation can cause various forms of cancer.

E. To make matters worse, a wide range of medical difficulties can arise in the case of an accident or serious illness when the patient is millions of kilometers from Earth. There is simply not enough room available inside a space vehicle to include all the equipment from a hospital’s casualty unit, some of which would not work properly in space anyway. Even basic things such as a drip depend on gravity to function, while standard resuscitation techniques become ineffective if sufficient weight cannot be applied. The only solution seems to be to create extremely small medical tools and ‘smart` devices that can, for example, diagnose and treat internal injuries using ultrasound. The cost of designing and producing this kind of equipment is bound to be, well, astronomical.

F. Such considerations have led some to question the ethics of investing huge sums of money to help a handful of people who, after all, are willingly risking their own health in outer space, when so much needs to be done a lot closer to home. It is now clear, however, that every problem of space travel has a parallel problem on Earth that will benefit from the knowledge gained and the skills developed from space biomedical research. For instance, the very difficulty of treating astronauts in space has led to rapid progress in the field of telemedicine, which in turn has brought about developments that enable surgeons to communicate with patients in inaccessible parts of the world. To take another example, systems invented to sterilize wastewater onboard spacecraft could be used by emergency teams to filter contaminated water at the scene of natural disasters such as floods and earthquakes. In the same way, miniature monitoring equipment, developed to save weight in space capsules, will eventually become tiny monitors that patients on Earth can wear without discomfort wherever they go.

G. Nevertheless, there is still one major obstacle to carrying out studies into the effects of space travel: how to do so without going to the enormous expense of actually working in space. To simulate conditions in zero gravity, one tried and tested method is to work underwater, but the space biomedicine centers are also looking at other ideas. In one experiment, researchers study the weakening of bones that results from prolonged inactivity. This would involve volunteers staying in bed for three months, but the center concerned is confident there should be no great difficulty in finding people willing to spend twelve weeks lying down.AII in the name of science, of course.

Questions 1-5

Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs A-G. Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-E and G from the list of headings below. Write the correct member (i-x) in boxes 1—5 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings

i. The problem of dealing with emergencies in space ii. How space biomedicine can help patients on Earth iii. Why accidents are so common in outer space iv. What is space biomedicine? v. The psychological problems of astronauts vi. Conducting space biomedical research on Earth vii. The internal damage caused to the human body by space travel viii. How space biomedicine First began ix. The visible effects of space travel on the human body x. Why space biomedicine is now necessary

Example Paragraph A Answer iv 1 i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix x Paragraph B Answer: x 2 i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix x Paragraph C Answer: ix 3 i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix x Paragraph D Answer: vii 4 i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix x Paragraph E Answer: i Example Paragraph F Answer ii 5 i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix x Paragraph G Answer: vi

Questions 6-7

Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. 6. Where, apart from Earth, can space travelers find water?  6 Answer: (ON/FROM) MARS 7. What happens to human legs during space travel?  7 Answer: THEY BECOME THINNER

Questions 8-12

Do the following statements agree with the writer’s views in Reading Passage?  Write YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer NO, if the state does not agree with the views of the writer NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage

8 YES NO NOT GIVEN The obstacles to going far into space are now medical, not technological. Answer: YES 9 YES NO NOT GIVEN Astronauts cannot survive more than two years in space. Answer: NOT GIVEN 10 YES NO NOT GIVEN It is morally wrong to spend so much money on space biomedicine. Answer: NO 11 YES NO NOT GIVEN Some kinds of surgery are more successful when performed in space. Answer: NOT GIVEN 12 YES NO NOT GIVEN Space biomedical research can only be done in space. Answer: NO

Questions 13-14

Complete the table below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer

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READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

BEEN THERE; DONE THAT – IN ZERO GRAVITY

Until recently, only nation-states and their agencies were capable of sending satellites and astronauts into space. We’ve all heard of NASA, ESA, and the ISS (International Space Station), but now some private firms are challenging those institutions. The question is: are these companies merely chasing tourist dollars, or will their space exploration benefit humanity?

Currently, there are at least four big American and two British companies involved in the new space race – the mission to send tourists to the edge of Earth’s atmosphere. There they can experience the thrills of weightlessness and the marvellous sight of our planet so far away.

One such company, Blue Origin, was founded by Jeff Bezos. The billionaire Bezos was the man behind Amazon, America’s largest online retailer. The main project of Blue Origin is a vertical take-off and landing rocket, designed exclusively for tourism.

Armadillo Aerospace was also set up by a well-known American: John Carmack. He gave the world the video games Doom and Quake. Armadillo is developing a similar spacecraft to that of Blue Origin. Fares for suborbital trips will start at around $100,000. Although the spacecraft is still in the testing stage, a travel agency, Space Adventures, has signed a deal with Armadillo to sell seats.

A cheaper alternative to Armadillo’s trip may be a ride on a Lynx spacecraft. This is the brainchild of Jeff Greason, of XCOR Aerospace. This company subcontracts for NASA and is well known for producing reliable craft. Its new tourist spacecraft can take off and land on a runway at a civilian airport. It may be able to make four daily suborbital flights but will carry only one passenger each time.

Richard Branson, a British entrepreneur, is planning to start space-tourist flights on his Virgin Galactic craft. These will carry six passengers, paying up to $200,000 for their space thrill. Once thrust upwards, the craft will head for the edge of the atmosphere. The whole journey will last just a few minutes.

Starchaser, a company headed by Briton, Steve Bennet, hopes its rockets will offer a more enduring experience – a 20-minute flight, several minutes of which will be spent in zero gravity.

But probably the most impressive private space company is SpaceX. This was set up by Elon Musk, an internet entrepreneur born in South Africa. Musk made his fortune creating PayPal, which eBay bought from him for $1.5bn. While anyone else with that kind of money may well have retired, Musk works 100 hours a week at his Los Angeles rocket factory, intent on realising his dream.

For Musk, space travel is not just about ticking things off in a Lonely Planet guidebook. He believes the future of humanity lies in its ability to colonise other planets. Since his days as a student at Penn State University, he has been passionate about the future. He is certainly living on other planets is the only way humans can prevent self-destruction or save themselves from a catastrophic event like the impact of a large meteorite.

Musk established SpaceX in 2002. Yet within only seven years, it had launched a satellite from its rocket, Falcon 1. By contrast, agencies like NASA and ESA take decades to achieve similar feats. In 2010, SpaceX sent its much larger Falcon 9 rocket into space. The next venture is to provide a taxi service to the ISS with Dragon, a small shuttle that Falcon 9 launches. This will deliver cargo and astronauts to the station. Dragon is radically different in design from the existing Shuttle, and far less costly.

In fact, before building Falcon and Dragon, Musk thoroughly researched the costs of building and launching rockets. He could not understand why government agencies spent so much money on these activities, and he concluded, quite simply, that they were inefficient. To prove his theory, SpaceX has produced the Merlin engine, which is elegantly designed, extremely powerful, and relatively cheap. It runs on highly refined kerosene that costs half the price of other rocket fuel. In most of SpaceX’s spacecraft, parts are re-usable, an innovation in the industry. There are also fewer stages in rocket transformation. That is: there are fewer times a rocket separates into smaller parts. All of this means spacecraft can be produced at a fraction of the cost of competitors while maintaining the same high safety standards.

Musk maintains that the Falcon 9, a rocket that carries astronauts, is so powerful it could already reach Mars if it were assembled in Earth’s orbit. He believes this technological advance will occur within 20 years – something most experts consider unlikely. Moreover, he firmly believes living on Mars is possible within the lifetime of his children. For him, the new space race is not only about selling tickets for a mind-blowing ride, but also about securing the future of our species.

For other private companies, however, there is no urge to invest heavily in missions to distant planets. Making a profit at the high end of the tourist market here on Earth is their only goal.

Questions 1-4

Reading Passage 1 has five sections: A-E .

Choose the correct heading for sections B-E from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number, i-vii , in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings

i            To colonise or generate revenue?

ii           The big six

iii         NASA spends too much

iv          It’s not rocket science

v           Public or private spacecraft?

vi          Why Americans dominate

vii         An idealist and a realist  

Example          Answer

Section A        v  

1    Section B

2    Section C

3    Section D

4    Section E

Questions 5-9

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND / OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 5-9 on your answer sheet.

5   A ticket on one of Armadillo Aerospace’s trips into space is likely to cost …………………… .

6   A single passenger will journey on a(n) ………………….. spacecraft.

7   A ride on Virgin Galactic will take only …………………… minutes.

8   On a Starchaser spacecraft, a passenger will experience ……………………… minutes of weightlessness.

9   Elon Musk sold ………………….. , and set up SpaceX, which builds rockets.

Questions 10-13

Do the following statements agree with the information in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 23-27 on your answer sheet, write:

TRUE                if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE               if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN      if there is no information on this

10    Musk is a keen supporter of human settlement in space.

11    Overall, SpaceX’s rockets are faster than its competitors.

12    Musk believes a manned spacecraft will reach Mars within 20 years.

13    Most private space companies share Musk’s enthusiasm for distant space travel.

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26  which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.  

BRAND LOYALTY RUNS DEEP

At almost any supermarket in Sydney, Australia, food from all over the world fills the shelves. Perhaps you fancy some Tick Tock Rooibos tea made in South Africa, or some Maharaja’s Choice Rogan Josh sauce from India. Alongside local Foster’s beer, Chinese Tsingtao and Indonesian Bintang are both to be found. For homesick Britons, the confectionary aisle is stocked with Mars Bars and Bountys, while for pining Poles sweets manufactured by firms like Wawel or Solidarposc are available. Restaurants in Sydney range from Afghan to Zambian, catering for different ethnic groups as well as the rest of the curious general public.

All of this variety is a result of population movement and changes in global trade, and, to a lesser extent, reduced production and transportation costs. While Australia can claim around 40% of its population as the first generation, other countries, like Switzerland, may have fewer international migrants, but still, have people who move from city to city in search of work. Even since the 1990s, taxes or tariffs on imported goods have decreased dramatically. The World Trade Organisation, for example, has promulgated the idea of zero tariffs, which has been adopted into legislation by many member states. It is estimated that within a century, agriculture worldwide has increased its efficiency five-fold. Faster and better-integrated road and rail services, containerisation, and the ubiquitous aeroplane have sped up transport immeasurably.

Even with this rise in the availability of non-local products, recent studies suggest that supermarkets should do more to increase their number to match more closely the proportion of shoppers from those countries or regions. Thus, if 10% of a supermarket’s customers originate in Vietnam, there ought to be 10% Vietnamese products in store. If Americans from southern states dominate in one northern neighbourhood, southern brands should also be conspicuous. Admittedly, there are already specialist shops that cater to minority groups, but minorities do frequent supermarkets.

Two separate studies by Americans Bart Bronnenberg and David Atkin have found that brand loyalty (choosing Maharaja’s Choice over Patak’s, or Cadbury’s over Nestlé) is not only determined by advertising, but also by a consumer’s past. If a product featured in a person’s early life in one place, then, as a migrant, he or she is likely to buy that same product even though it is more expensive than an otherwise identical locally-produced one.

In the US context, between 2006 and 2008, Bronnenberg analysed data from 38,000 families who had bought 238 different kinds of packaged goods. Although the same brands could be found across America, there were clear differences in what people purchased. In general, there were two leading brands in each kind of packaged good, but there were smaller brands that assumed a greater proportion of consumers’ purchases than was statistically likely. One explanation for this is that 16% of people surveyed came from interstate, and these people preferred products from their home states. Over time, they did buy more products from their adopted state, but, surprisingly, it took two decades for their brand loyalty to halve. Even people who had moved interstate 50 years previously maintained a preference for home-state brands. It seems the habits of food buying change more slowly than we think.

Bronnenberg’s findings were confirmed by Atkin’s in India although there was something more unexpected that Atkin discovered. Firstly, during the period of his survey, the cost of all consumables rose considerably in India. As a result, families reduced their spending on food, and their calorific intake fell accordingly. It is also worth noting that although India is one country, states impose tariffs or taxes on products from other Indian states, ensuring that locally-produced goods remain cheaper. As in the US, internal migrants bought food from their native place even when it was considerably more expensive than local alternatives, and at a time when you might expect families to be economising. This element made the brand-loyalty theory even more convincing.

There is one downside to these findings. In relatively closed economies, such as India’s, people develop tastes that they take with them wherever they go; in a more globalised economy, such as America’s, what people eat may be more varied, but still dependent on early exposure to brands. Therefore, according to both researchers, more advertising may now be directed at minors since brand loyalty is established in childhood and lasts a lifetime. In a media-driven world where children are already bombarded with information, their parents may not consider appropriate yet more advertising is hardly welcome.

For supermarkets, this means that wherever there are large communities of expatriates or immigrants, it is essential to calculate the demographics carefully in order to supply those shoppers with their favourite brands as in light of Atkin and Bronnenberg’s research, advertising and price are not the sole motivating factors for purchase as was previously thought.

Questions 14-18

Choose the correct letter: A , B , C , or D .

Write the correct letter in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.

14    In this article, the writer refers to food products that are sold

A    at markets.

B    wholesale.

C    online.

D    retail.

15    In Sydney, shoppers can buy beer from

A    China and Indonesia.

B    India and South Africa.

C    Poland.

D    Vietnam.

16    The greater variety of goods and brands now available is mainly due to:

A    cheaper production and more migration.

B    changes in migration and international trade.

C    cheaper production and transport.

D    changes in migration and transport.

17    The writer thinks supermarkets ………… should change their products slightly.

A    in Australia

B    in India and the US

C    in Switzerland

D    worldwide

18    The writer suggests that:

A    the quality of products at specialist shops will always be better than at supermarkets.

B    specialist shops will close down because supermarkets will be cheaper.

C    specialist shops already supply minority groups, so supermarkets shouldn’t bother.

D    specialist shops already supply minority groups, yet supermarkets should compete with them.

Question 19

Which chart below – A , B , or C – best describes the relationship between shoppers at one Sydney supermarket, and what research suggests that same supermarket should sell?

Write your answer in box 19 on your answer sheet.

Questions 20-26

Which study/studies do the following statements relate to?

In boxes 20-26 on your answer sheet, write:

A          if the information relates only to Atkin’s study

B          if the information relates only to Bronnenberg’s study

C          if the information relates to both Atkin’s and Bronnenberg’s studies

20    There was a correlation between brands a shopper used in childhood, and his or her

preferences as an adult.

21    One reason for the popularity of smaller brands was that many people surveyed came

from another state where those brands were bigger.

22    Even living in a new state for a very long time did not mean that shoppers chose new

23    In general, food became more expensive during the time of the study. Despite this,

families bought favourite brands and ate less.

24    Taxes on products from other states also increased the cost of food. This did not stop

migrants from buying what they were used to.

25    Children may be the target of more food advertising now.

26    Advertising and price were once thought to be the main reasons for buying products. This

theory has been modified now.

READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

Diprotodon, human, Pleistocene & modern wombat skeletons

Imagine a bird three times the size of an ostrich, or a burrowing animal as big as an elephant. How about a kangaroo three metres tall? Such creatures were all Australian megafauna, alive during the Pleistocene.1

Fifteen million years ago, 55 species of megafauna were widespread in Australia, the largest of which was the marsupial2 diprotodon, weighing around 2700 kilograms (5952 lb). Giant snakes, crocodiles, and birds were also common. Wombats and kangaroos reached more than 200 kg (440 lb), and even koalas weighed 16 kg (35 lb). Then, rather suddenly, around 46 thousand years ago (46 kyr), all these animals became extinct. Some scientists claim this was due to environmental pressures, like climate change or fire; others favour predation.3

At the end of the Pleistocene, humans reached Australia via Indonesia, and, according to the archaeological record, by 45 kyr their settlement was widespread. One hundred and sixty archaeological sites in Australia and New Guinea have been much surveyed. There is some disagreement about the dates of these sites; meantime, a forceful movement aims to push human settlement back before 45 kyr.

Dating the rare bones of megafauna was highly controversial until 20 years ago when a technique called optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) was developed. With OSL, the age of minerals up to 200 kyr can be established with + / – 10% accuracy.

The largest OSL dating of megafauna was carried out in 2001 by Roberts, who put the extinction date for megafauna at around 46 kyr, very early on in the time of human habitation.

Megafaunal bones are rare enough, but, at archaeological sites with human habitation, they are extremely rare with fewer than 10% of the 160 sites containing them. Bones that show cutting, burning, or deliberate breaking by humans are virtually non-existent, and thus far, not one megafaunal skeleton shows conclusively an animal was killed by humans. There are no ‘kill sites’ either whereas, in New Zealand, where the giant moa bird became extinct in the 18th century due to hunting, there are sites with hundreds of slaughtered creatures. As a result, many scientists still believe that humans were not responsible for megafaunal extinction – especially as the weapons of Australian Aborigines at 45 kyr were only wooden clubs and spears.

There is, perhaps, a cultural record of megafauna in Aboriginal myths. The Adnyamathanha people of South Australia tell of the Yamuti, something like a diprotodon. An ancient rock painting in Arnhem Land shows an extinct giant echidna. But this record is small and open to interpretation.

If the Aborigines were not technologically advanced enough to kill them, what else might have destroyed megafauna? One theory has been climate change – perhaps there was a relatively hot, dry period between 60-40 kyr. Research suggests otherwise. Indeed, at 40 kyr, the climate was moderate, and Lake Eyre, in central Australia, grew. If there was desertification, scientists would expect megafauna to have moved towards the coast, looking for food and water, but instead, the fossil record details an equal distribution of the dead inland and on the coast.

In addition, changes in specific vegetation occurred after the extinction of the megafauna. Trees that relied on large animals to eat their fruit and disperse their seed covered far smaller areas of Australia post 40 kyr. These plants were not threatened by climate change; rather, they died off because their megafaunal partners had already gone.

Typically, climate change affects almost all species in an area. Yet, around 46 kyr, only the megafauna died. Previously, there had been many species of kangaroo, some as heavy as 200 kg (440 lb), but, after, the heaviest weighed only 32 kg (70 lb). This phenomenon is known as dwarfing, and it occurred with many animals in the Pleistocene.

Dwarfing has been studied extensively. In 2001, Law published research related to fish farming. Despite excellent food and no predators, farmed fish become smaller as generations continue. This adaptation may be a response to their being commercially useless at a smaller size, meaning they hope to survive the harvest.

Of the dwarf marsupials, the most notable development over the giants was their longer reproductive lives, which produced more young. They were better runners as well, or, those that were slow-moving retreated to the mountainous forest, beyond the reach of humans.

If climate change isn’t a credible factor in extinction, what about fire? Fire is caused naturally by lightning strikes as well as by humans with torches. Surprisingly, the charcoal record for many thousands of years does not show a marked increase in fire after human habitation of Australia – there is only a slow increase over time. Besides, it could be argued that forest fires aid megafauna since grass, their favoured food, invariably replaces burnt vegetation.

Johnson, an archaeologist, has proposed that the Aborigines could have wiped out all 55 megafaunal species in just a few thousand years. He believes that the 45 kyr human settlement date will be pushed back to make this extinction fit, and he also maintains that 700 years are enough to make one species extinct without large-scale hunting or sophisticated weapons. Johnson used computer modelling on a population of only 1000 animals to demonstrate this. If just 30 animals are killed a year, then the species becomes extinct after 520-700 years. Human populations in Australia were small at 45 kyr – only 150 people occupied the same 500 square kilometres as 1000 animals. However, at a rate of killing just two animals a year by each group of ten people, extinction is highly likely.

A recent study on the albatross has shown the bird has almost disappeared due to females’ occasionally being hooked on fishing lines. A large number of animals do not need to be killed to effect extinction especially if an animal breeds late and infrequently like the albatross and like megafauna.

———————-

1 A period of 2.6 million-10,000 years ago. 2 This mammal, like a kangaroo, keeps its very young baby in a pouch. 3 The killing of a group or groups of animals by another group.

Questions 27-30

Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-G , below.

Write the correct letter, A-G , in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.

27   Many animals in the Pleistocene were

28   Australian megafauna became extinct

29   The figure 45 kyr refers to

30   OSL represented

A      surprisingly swiftly.

B      optically stimulated luminescence.

C      over a long period of time.

D      considerably larger than their modern equivalents.

E      the date of megafaunal disappearance.

F      human habitation of Australia.

G      a breakthrough in dating technology.

Questions 31-34

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 31-34 on your answer sheet.

31   ‘Kill sites’ for moas have been found in ……………………. , but no equivalents have been

found for megafauna in Australia.

32   It seems unlikely megafaunal extinction was caused by ……………………. .

33   Modern kangaroo species bear more ……………………. than megafaunal species.

34   Johnson does not think it is strange that megafaunal ……………………. with proof of

hunting have not yet been found.

Questions 35-39

Look at questions 35-39 and the list of people below.

Match each statement with a person or group of people.

Write the letters in boxes 35-39 on your answer sheet.

List of people

A      The Adnyamathanha

B      Johnson

D      Roberts

35   This scientist used reliable dating techniques to propose a likely extinction date for megafauna.

36   These people have a mythical description of a creature like a diprotodon.

37   This scientist drew on data from fish farming to understand dwarfing.

38    This person believes dates will be revised so that the period between human settlement in Australia and the extinction of megafauna is longer.

39   This scientist developed a theory that even with basic weapons, Aborigines made megafauna extinct.  

Question 40

Choose the correct letter: A , B , C , D , or E .

Write the correct letter in box 40 on your answer sheet.

Which of the following is the most suitable title for Reading Passage 3?

A     The rise and fall of giant mammals in Australia

B     Is a koala still cute at 16 kilograms?

C     Climate change: killer of Australian megafauna

D     Modern research techniques solve an archaeological puzzle

E     Invisible hunters caused mass extinctions

Reading Test 67

Reading test 69, answer reading test 68.

5. around $100,000 ( dollar sign necessary )

6. Lynx ( capital optional )

7. a few (‘a’ necessary )

9. PayPal ( capitals optional )

11. NOT GIVEN

31. New Zealand ( capitals optional )

32. climate change/ environmental pressures

34. bones/skeletons

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Science In Space Answers and Questions

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IELTS Reading Passage: Science in Space

Science in Space

A. A top-notch, top-notch laboratory in low-Earth orbit. In 2001, the US Congress was persuaded to approve the construction of the International Space Station (ISS) by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration agency (NASA). No one today questions the agency’s technological aspirations. The largest collection of interconnected modules ever built orbits the planet at a speed of more than 27,000 km/h thanks to the most difficult engineering feat ever attempted. Critics claim that while it may be moving quickly, as a lab it is standing still. It has spent $150 billion so far.

B. So what should be its top priorities moving forward? The first annual ISS research and development conference, which recently took place in Colorado, addressed this issue. One of the speakers was Satoshi Iwase of the Japanese university Aichi Medical, who has spent years developing an experiment that may help address one of the major issues that spaceflight will present for humans: maintaining physical health. Physiologists have discovered that, in the absence of gravity, our bodies start to deteriorate, leaving astronauts with frail bones, muscles, and cardiovascular systems. Astronauts will almost certainly need to create their own artificial gravity to counteract these effects on a long-duration mission to, say, Mars. Iwase steps in at this point. He is the team leader creating a centrifuge for people. An astronaut is fastened into the seat of a device that resembles an exercise bike in its initial design. While exercising while experiencing artificial gravity, pedaling works the astronaut’s muscles and cardiovascular system. It also causes the seat to rotate vertically around a central axis.

C. The project to build a centrifuge demonstrates the station’s potential as a research lab. Similar devices have been carried into space by NASA’s shuttles, but they couldn’t be tested for an extended period of time to determine their efficacy. Astronauts would need to ride in a centrifuge for 30 minutes a day for at least two months to adequately evaluate how it affects human physiology, according to calculations. The only way to test this is in zero gravity, and the only place we can do that is on the space station, claims Laurence Young, a Massachusetts Institute of Technology expert in space medicine.

D. There are undoubtedly many options for new experiments, but not all of them have taken off. The crew of the space station won’t be able to spin the centrifuge until another five years have passed, even if the project is approved. According to a US National Academy of Sciences report from April 2011, lengthy delays like this are one of NASA’s main challenges. The report’s authors expressed their “deep concern” about the state of NASA’s scientific research and offered a number of suggestions. The agency was advised to establish clearer research priorities in addition to shortening the time between experiment approval and launch.

E. By hiring management consultants ProOrbis to create a strategy to get around the red tape, NASA has already started to act. Additionally, Congress instructed NASA to work with the Centre for the Advancement of Science in Space (CASIS), a private company, to help oversee the US lab facilities on the station. One of CASIS’s responsibilities is to persuade public and private investors that science on the station is worthwhile investing in, as the ISS certainly appears to be a poor value when measured solely by the number of papers published; since 1998, station research has produced about 3,100 papers. In contrast, the Hubble Space Telescope has generated more than 1,300 papers in a little more than 20 years while costing less than a tenth of the price of the space station.

F. However, Mark Uhran, the ISS’s assistant associate administrator, disputes the claim that the station hasn’t conducted any worthwhile research. He cites achievements, such as those made with the salmonella vaccine. CASIS has looked at more than 100 prior microgravity experiments to find promising research themes to put the ISS research back on track. It has chosen to concentrate on life science and medical research as a result, and it recently requested proposals for studies on the immune system, osteoporosis, and muscle atrophy. The organization further asserts that the ISS should be used to test products that are either about to hit the market or have already done so as well as to develop products with commercial applications. According to Uhran, attracting investment from outside organizations is essential, and a balance between academic and commercial research will facilitate this.

G. Even though the station needs to draw cutting-edge research, many scientists appear to be unaware of what takes place there. More than 200 interviews with individuals from organizations that might be interested in low-gravity studies were conducted by Jeanne DiFrancesco at ProOrbis. Some people were aware of the ISS but were unaware of what was happening there, according to her. Others are aware of science, but they are unsure of what kind it is.

H. The privately funded space flight industry may provide the ISS with its biggest public relations boost, according to planetary scientist Alan Stern. Given that it can slash launch costs by two-thirds, businesses like SpaceX could support NASA and its partners in their efforts to resupply the International Space Station. The high-altitude balloon from Zero2lnfinity or Virgin Atlantic’s Spaceship Two may also help the space station’s prospects. Even though they won’t be in the same orbit as the ISS, Stern thinks they will fundamentally alter how the general public views space. He predicts that soon everyone will be daydreaming about visiting other planets once more. The fact that scientists are already waiting in line for seats on these low-gravity spaceflight services is more important because they want to use the time in weightlessness to gather data. This demand for inexpensive space travel could eventually result in a service that operates more frequently, allowing researchers to test their hypotheses before submitting a proposal for experiments on the ISS. According to Stern, gaining flight experience should help them land a spot at the station.

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IELTS Reading Questions: Science in Space

Questions 1-4

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

1. The author makes use of the Hubble Space Telescope to

A. justify how long it takes a space project to yield results        B. Describe the types of projects that are more likely to be funded        C. underline the significance of ISS positive promotion        D. cite the reasons behind the drop in space technology investment

2. The sixth paragraph informs us that CASIS has

A. invited scientists to recommend specific health-related initiatives        B. questioned the value of some of the ISS’s ongoing projects        C. expressed worry over testing goods that are sold for profit        D. rejected a few requests for ISS experimentation

3. What does the author say in the opening paragraph about the ISS?

A. NASA ought to have been more specific in its mission statement B. The speed it has attained has been questioned C. It is an excellent illustration of technological innovation D. The cost of manufacturing stayed within the allocated amount

4. What is known about the experimental device created by Satoshi Iwase?

A. Iwase had no idea that it would have advantages B. It is only intended to function in environments with little gravity C. Originally, NASA had ordered it D. It is based on common exercise apparatus

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Questions 5-9

Look at the following opinions (Questions 5-9) and the list of people below. 
Match each opinion with the correct person, A, B, C, or D. 

NB      You may use any letter more than once.

5. It is necessary to expedite the process of adding approved projects to the ISS. 6. There needs to be no gravity for new space technology to be evaluated properly. 7. The ISS should be accessible for commercial endeavors. 8. Some of the ISS’s accomplishments are overlooked. 9. What kinds of projects are feasible on the ISS are generally unknown.

List of people

• Jeanne Di Francesco
• Laurence Young
• Authors of the US National Academy of Sciences report

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Questions 10-13

Complete the summary using the lists of words, A-H, below.

The influence of commercial space flight on the ISS

He thinks they could alter public perception for two reasons: first, using a commercial craft would 10. _______________ the cost of sending supplies there; second, it might make space exploration seem 11. _______________ appealing to the general public. Another consideration is that there is a chance that space flights will become more 12. __________ as demand rises. Additionally, by focusing on a commercial flight first, researchers would be 13. _____________ if an ISS position opened up.

• Competitive

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Questions 14

Choose appropriate options A, B, C, or D.

14. In Writing this article, the author hopes to

A. Compare worthwhile and useless space projects B. criticize the ISS for having a closed mind C. show how the ISS could be made more efficient D. promote the general benefits of space travel

Science in Space reading answers

1. C 2. A 3. C 4. D 5. D 6. C 7. A  8. A 9. B  10. C 11. F 12. D 13. A 14. C

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Reading Practice: Space Travel and Health

A. Space biomedicine is a relatively new area of research both in the USA and in Europe. Its main objectives are to study the effects of space travel on the human body, identifying the most critical medical problems, and finding solutions to those problems. Space biomedicine centers are receiving increasing direct support from NASA and/or the European Space Agency (ESA).

B. This involvement of NASA and the ESA reflects growing concern that the feasibility of travel to other planets, and beyond, is no longer limited by engineering constraints but by what the human body can actually withstand. The discovery of ice on Mars, for instance, means that there is now no necessity to design and develop a spacecraft large and powerful enough to transport the vast amounts of water needed to sustain the crew throughout journeys that may last many years. Without the necessary protection and medical treatment, however, their bodies would be devastated by the unremittingly hostile environment of space. 

C. The most obvious physical changes undergone by people in zero gravity are essentially harmless; in some cases, they are even amusing. The blood and other fluids are no longer dragged down towards the feet by the gravity of Earth, so they accumulate higher up in the body, creating what is sometimes called ‘fat face’, together with the contrasting ‘chicken legs’ syndrome as the lower limbs become thinner. 

D. Much more serious are the unseen consequences after months or years in space. With no gravity, there is less need for a sturdy skeleton to support the body, with the result that the bones weaken, releasing calcium into the bloodstream. This extra calcium can overload the kidneys, leading ultimately to renal failure. Muscles too lose strength through lack of use. The heart becomes smaller, losing the power to pump oxygenated blood to all parts of the body, while the lungs lose the capacity to breathe fully. The digestive system becomes less efficient, a weakened immune system is increasingly unable to prevent diseases and the high levels of solar and cosmic radiation can cause various forms of cancer. 

E. To make matters worse, a wide range of medical difficulties can arise in the case of an accident or serious illness when the patient is millions of kilometers from Earth. There is simply not enough room available inside a space vehicle to include all the equipment from a hospital’s casualty unit, some of which would not work properly in space anyway. Even basic things such as a drip depend on gravity to function, while standard resuscitation techniques become ineffective if sufficient weight cannot be applied. The only solution seems to be to create extremely small medical tools and ‘smart` devices that can, for example, diagnose and treat internal injuries using ultrasound. The cost of designing and producing this kind of equipment is bound to be, well, astronomical.

F. Such considerations have led some to question the ethics of investing huge sums of money to help a handful of people who, after all, are willingly risking their own health in outer space, when so much needs to be done a lot closer to home. It is now clear, however , that every problem of space travel has a parallel problem on Earth that will benefit from the knowledge gained and the skills developed from space biomedical research. For instance, the very difficulty of treating astronauts in space has led to rapid progress in the field of telemedicine, which in turn has brought about developments that enable surgeons to communicate with patients in inaccessible parts of the world. To take another example, systems invented to sterilize wastewater onboard spacecraft could be used by emergency teams to filter contaminated water at the scene of natural disasters such as floods and earthquakes. In the same way, miniature monitoring equipment, developed to save weight in space capsules, will eventually become tiny monitors that patients on Earth can wear without discomfort wherever they go.

G. Nevertheless , there is still one major obstacle to carrying out studies into the effects of space travel: how to do so without going to the enormous expense of actually working in space. To simulate conditions in zero gravity, one tried and tested method is to work underwater, but the space biomedicine centers are also looking at other ideas. In one experiment, researchers study the weakening of bones that results from prolonged inactivity. This would involve volunteers staying in bed for three months, but the center concerned is confident there should be no great difficulty in finding people willing to spend twelve weeks lying down.AII in the name of science, of course.

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Nội dung chính

Questions 1-5

Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs A-G. Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-E and G from the list of headings below. Write the correct member (i-x) in boxes 1—5 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings

i. The problem of dealing with emergencies in space

ii. How space biomedicine can help patients on Earth

iii. Why accidents are so common in outer space

iv. What is space biomedicine?

v. The psychological problems of astronauts

vi. Conducting space biomedical research on Earth

vii. The internal damage caused to the human body by space travel

viii. How space biomedicine First began

ix. The visible effects of space travel on the human body

x. Why space biomedicine is now necessary

Example Paragraph A Answer iv

               Paragraph B Answer ii 

1 Paragraph B

2 Paragraph C

3 Paragraph D

4 Paragraph E

5 Paragraph G

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Questions 6-7

Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

6. Where, apart from Earth, can space travelers find water? 6 ….

7. What happens to human legs during space travel? 7…

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Questions 8-12

Do the following statements agree with the writer’s views in Reading Passage? Write

YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer

NO, if the state does not agree with the views of the writer

NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage

8 The obstacles to going far into space are now medical, not technological.

9 Astronauts cannot survive more than two years in space.

10 It is morally wrong to spend so much money on space biomedicine.

11 Some kinds of surgery are more successful when performed in space.

12 Space biomedical research can only be done in space.

Tham khảo: Reading Practice: Communication in science Reading Practice: Orientation of birds Reading Practice: Mungo Man

Questions 13-14

Complete the table below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer

1. x (Đoạn B, “Without the necessary protection and medical treatment, however, their bodies would be devastated by the unremittingly hostile environment of space.”)

2. ix (Đoạn C, “The most obvious physical changes undergone by people in zero gravity…”

3. vii (Đoạn D, “ With no gravity, there is less need for a sturdy skeleton to support the body, with the result that the bones weaken, releasing calcium into the bloodstream.”)

4. i (Đoạn E, “a wide range of medical difficulties can arise in the case of an accident or serious illness when the patient is millions of kilometers from Earth.”)

5. vi (Đoạn G, “To simulate conditions in zero gravity, one tried and tested method is to work underwater, but the space biomedicine centers are also looking at other ideas.)

6. (ON/FROM) MARS (Đoạn B, “The discovery of ice on Mars,…)

7. THEY BECOME THINNER (Đoạn C, “together with the contrasting ‘chicken legs’ syndrome as the lower limbs become thinner.”)

8. YES (Đoạn B, “…there is now no necessity to design and develop a spacecraft large and powerful enough to transport the vast amounts of water …Without the necessary protection and medical treatment, however, their bodies would be devastated by the unremittingly hostile environment of space. → Không còn là vấn đề về kỹ thuật, mà quan trọng là phải có hỗ trợ y tế)

9. NOT GIVEN (Không có thông tin)

11. NOT GIVEN (Không có thông tin)

12. NO (Đoạn G, “To simulate conditions in zero gravity, one tried and tested method is to work underwater ”)

13. COMMUNICATE WITH PATIENTS (Đoạn F, “which in turn has brought about developments that enable surgeons to communicate with patients in inaccessible parts of the world.”)

14. FILTER CONTAMINATED WATER (Đoạn F, “To take another example, …emergency teams to filter contaminated water at the scene of natural disasters such as floods and earthquakes.”)

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Cambridge Official Guide to IELTS; Academic Test 5 Reading passage 3; Science in Space; with best solutions and detailed explanations

This Academic IELTS Reading post focuses on solutions to  IELTS Cambridge Official Guide to IELTS Test 5 Reading Passage 3 which is titled ‘ Science in Space’ . This is a targeted post for IELTS candidates who have big problems finding and understanding Reading answers in the Academic module. This post can guide you properly to understand every Reading answer without much trouble. Finding out IELTS Reading answers is a steady process, and this post will assist you in this respect.

Cambridge Official Guide to IELTS Test 5: AC Reading Module

Reading Passage 3: Questions 27-40

The headline of the passage: Science in Space

Questions 27-30: Multiple-choice questions

[This type of question asks you to choose a suitable answer from the options using the knowledge you gained from the passage. This question type generally follows a sequence. So, scanning skill is effective here.]

Question no. 27: What does the writer state about the ISS in the first paragraph?

Keywords for the question: ISS, first paragraph,     

In the first paragraph, have a close look at the first six lines, “A premier, world-class laboratory in low Earth orbit. That was how the National Aeronautics and Space Administration agency (NASA) sold the International Space Station (ISS) to the US Congress in 2001. Today no one can doubt the agency’s technological ambition . . . .. .. .”

Here, no one can doubt the agency’s technological ambition = a great example of technological achievement,

So, the answer is: B (It is a great example of technological achievement.)

Question no. 28: What are we told about Satoshi Iwase’s experimental machine?

Keywords for the question: Satoshi Iwase’s experimental machine,

If you look at paragraph no. 2, the writer describes the design of the experimental machine designed by Satoshi Iwase in the final few lines. Here in lines 16-19 the writer mentions, “ . .. . .. .. This is where Iwase comes in. He leads a team designing a centrifuge for humans. In their preliminary design, an astronaut is strapped into the seat of a machine that resembles an exercise bike . . .. . . .. . ..” 

Here, designing a centrifuge = designing the experimental machine, resembles an exercise bike = based on conventional exercise equipment,

So, the answer is: A (It is based on conventional exercise equipment.)

Question no. 29: The writer refers to the Hubble Space Telescope in order to –

Keywords for the question: the Hubble Space Telescope,

The answer to this question can be found in paragraph no. 5, in lines 7-15, where the writer mentions the Hubble Space Telescope. Let’s read there, “ .. . .. . . One of CASIS’s roles is to convince public and private investors that science on the station is worth the spend because judged solely by the number of papers published, the ISS certainly seems poor value : research on the station has generated about 3,100 papers since 1998 . The Hubble Space Telescope , meanwhile, has produced more than 11,300 papers in just over 20 years, yet it cost less than one-tenth of the price of the space station .”

Here, the ISS certainly seems poor value = the ISS is not given proper value that it deserves,

research on the station has generated about 3,100 papers since 1998 = the ISS has generated a good number of papers on space research,

These lines suggest that the Hubble Space Telescope is just a telescope and it produced more than 11,300 papers in just over 20 years; whereas the ISS or the International Space Station should be given bigger priority as it has already produced about 3100 papers. 

So, the answer is: B (highlight the need to promote the ISS in a positive way.)  

Question no. 30: In the sixth paragraph, we are told that CASIS has –

Keywords for the question: comparison, construction of Homer’s poems, another art form,   

In paragraph no. 6, the writer says in lines 5-11, “ . . .. . . . . CASIS has examined more than 100 previous microgravity experiments to identify promising research themes. From this, it has opted to focus on life science and medical research, and recently called for proposals for experiments on muscle wasting, osteoporosis and the immune system . .. . . .. .”

Here, recently called for proposals for experiments on muscle wasting, osteoporosis and the immune system = invited researchers to suggest certain health-based projects,

So, the answer is: D (invited researchers to suggest certain health-based projects.)   

Questions 31-35: Matching statements with the correct researchers

[In this type of question, candidates need to relate statements that are given by or link to some researchers in the passage. The rules for finding answers to this sort of question are simple. Just find the name of the researchers and read it carefully. Then, give a quick look to check whether there is another statement or idea provided by the same researchers in the text. If there is, check the reference carefully and decide your answer. Remember, the questions may not follow any sequential order.]

Question no. 31: The ISS should be available for business-related ventures.

Keywords for the question: ISS, should be available for, business-related ventures,  

In lines 15-17 of paragraph no. 6, the writer mentions the comment made by Mark Uhran, “ . . . . .. . Investment from outside organisations is vital , says Uhran , and a balance between academic and commercial research will help attract this.”

Here, Investment from outside organisations is vital = the ISS should be encouraged to accept business-related ventures,

So, the answer is: C (Mark Uhran)   

Question no. 32: There is general ignorance about what kinds of projects are possible on the ISS.

Keywords for the question: general ignorance, what kinds of projects are possible, ISS,   

In paragraph no. 7, the writer of the text says, “ . . … .. . The station needs to attract cutting-edge research, yet many scientists seem to have little idea what goes on aboard it. Jeanne DiFrancesco at ProOrbis conducted more than 200 interviews with people from organisations with potential interests in low gravity studies. Some were aware of the ISS but they didn’t know what’s going on up there, she says . ‘ Others know there’s science, but they don’t know what kind .”

Here, Others know there’s science, but they don’t know what kind = general ignorance about the kinds of projects that are possible on the ISS,

So, the answer is: D (Jeanne DiFrancesco)

Question no. 33: The process of getting accepted projects onto the ISS should be speeded up.

Keywords for the question: process, getting accepted projects, onto the ISS, should be speeded up,    

The answer to this question is found in paragraph no. 4. Here, the writer says in lines 5-14, “ . . .. . . . Lengthy delays like this are one of the key challenges for NASA, according to an April 2011   report from the US National Academy of Sciences . Its authors said they were ‘deeply concerned’ about the state of NASA’s science research, and made a number of recommendations. Besides suggesting that the agency reduces the time between approving experiments and sending them into space , it also recommended setting clearer research priorities..”

Here, Lengthy delays = it takes too much time for the projects to get accepted,

suggesting that the agency reduces the time between approving experiments and sending them into space = the process of getting accepted projects should be speeded up,

So, the answer is: B (Authors of the US National Academy of Sciences report)

Question no. 34: Some achievements of the ISS are underrated.

Keywords for the question: some achievements, ISS, underrated,    

Have a look at the first few lines of paragraph no. 6. Here, the writer says, “ . . .. . . . Yet Mark Uhran , assistant associate administrator for the ISS, refutes the criticism that the station hasn’t done any useful research . . .. . . . . . ”

Here, refutes the criticism that the station hasn’t done any useful research = Uhran doesn’t think it is correct to criticize the ISS because he believes that the ISS is doing better research, but it doesn’t get the proper appreciation. This means it’s achievement is underrated.  

So, the answer is: C (Mark Uhran)

Question no. 35: To properly assess new space technology, there has to be an absence of gravity.

Keywords for the question: properly assess, new space technology, has to be, absence of gravity,

Paragraph no. 3 gives us the answer to this question. Here, the writer talks about the issue of gravity. Take a look at the final few lines, “ . . . . .. The only way to test this is in weightlessness , and the only time we have to do that is on the space station,’ says Laurence Young , a space medicine expert at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.”

Here, The only way to test this = To properly assess new space technology, weightlessness = absence of gravity,

So, the answer is: A (Laurence Young)

Questions 37-39: Completing summary with a list of words

[In this type of question, candidates are asked to complete a summary with a list of words taken from the passage. Candidates must write the correct letter (not the words) as the answers. Keywords and synonyms are important to find answers correctly. Generally, this type of question maintains a sequence. Find the keywords in the passage and you are most likely to find the answers.]

The headline of the summary: The influence of commercial space flight on the ISS

We find a discussion about commercial space flight on the International Space Station in the final Paragraph. So, all the answers have to be in this paragraph.

Question no. 36: According to Alan Stern, private space companies could affect the future of ISS. He believes they could change its image; firstly because sending food and equipment there would be more ________ if a commercial craft were used, . . … .. .. .

Keywords for the question: Alan Stern, private space companies, could affect the future of ISS,  they could change its image, firstly, because, sending food and equipment there, would be more, if, a commercial craft were used,      

Let’s take a look at the first few lines of paragraph no. 8. The writer says here, “According to Alan Stern , planetary scientist, the biggest public relations boost for the ISS may come from the privately funded space flight industry . Companies like SpaceX could help NASA and its partners when it comes to resupplying the ISS, as it suggests it can reduce launch costs by two-thirds . .. . . .”

Here, privately funded space flight industry = sending food and equipment there . .. . . . commercial craft,

reduce launch costs by two-thirds = economical,

So, the answer is: H  (economical)

Question no. 37: and secondly, because commercial flights might make the whole idea of space exploration seem ________ to ordinary people.      

Keywords for the question: secondly, because, commercial flights, might make, whole idea of space exploration, seem, ordinary people,  

The answer can be found in lines 9-12 of paragraph 8, where the writer says, “ . . .. . . .They might not come close to the ISS’s orbit, yet Stern believes they will revolutionise the way we, the public , see space. Soon everyone will be dreaming of interplanetary travel again , he predicts. .. .. .. .. .”

Here, the public = ordinary people, Soon everyone will be dreaming of interplanetary travel again = space exploration seem real to ordinary people,

So, the answer is: D (real)

Question no. 38: Another point is that as the demand for space flight increases, there is a chance of them becoming more __________.

Keywords for the question: another point, demand for space flight, increases, chance of them becoming more,

The answer can be found in lines 16-18 of paragraph no. 8, “ .. . .. This demand for low-cost space flight could eventually lead to a service running on a more frequent basis , . . . .. .”

Here, This demand for low-cost space flight = as the demand for space flight increases, could eventually lead to = there is a chance, on a more frequent basis = regular,

So, the answer is: F (regular)   

Question no. 39: And by working on a commercial flight first, scientists would be more __________ if an ISS position came up.     

Keywords for the question: by working on a commercial flight, first, scientists, would be more, if, an ISS position, came up, 

The final lines of paragraph no. 8 says, “ . . … .. . giving researchers the chance to test their ideas before submitting a proposal for experiments on the ISS. Getting flight experience should help them win a slot on the station ,”

Here, researchers = scientists, Getting flight experience should help them win a slot on the station = scientists would be more suitable ,

So, the answer is: G (suitable)  

Question no. 40: Multiple choice questions (Identifying the main purpose/aim/title of the passage)

[This type of question asks you to choose a suitable answer from the options that shows the main aim/purpose/title using the knowledge you gained from the passage. Generally, this question is found as the last question so you should not worry much about it. Finding all the answers to previous questions gives you a good idea about the title.]

Question no. 40: The writer’s purpose in writing this article is to –

Keywords for the question: writer’s purpose, writing this article,

Solving all the answers in this passage, we get a clear idea about the suggestions made to make the International Space Station more effective . We get suggestions like investing more money in ISS research projects , attracting cutting-edge researches, starting commercial flights etc.  

So, the answer is: B (illustrate how the ISS could become more effective.)

© All the texts with inverted commas used in this post are taken from Cambridge Official Guide to IELTS Test 5

Click here for solutions to Cambridge Official Guide to IELTS Academic Test 5 Reading passage 1

Click here for solutions to Cambridge Official Guide to IELTS Academic Test 5 Reading passage 2

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Science in Space- IELTS Reading Answers

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Updated On Jul 21, 2023

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Predicted Cue Cards Topics 2024

The Academic passage, ‘ Science in Space  Reading Answers’ , is a reading passage that consists of 14 questions.

With diligent practice, the  Reading Module  can be the top-scoring category for IELTS aspirants. To score well, you must understand how to approach and answer the different question types in the Reading Module.

By solving and reviewing Sample Reading Questions from past IELTS papers, you can ensure that your Reading skills are up to the mark. Take the practice test  Science in Space  below and try more  IELTS reading practice tests  from IELTSMaterial.com.

The question types found in this passage are:

• Multiple Choice Question  (Q. 27-30) & (Q. 40)
• Matching Features  (Q. 31-35)
• Summary Completion  (Q. 36-39)

Reading Passage 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on the Reading Passage below.

Science in Space

A  premier, world-class laboratory in low Earth orbit. That was how the National Aeronautics and Space Administration agency (NASA) sold the International Space Station (ISS) to the US Congress in 2001. Today no one can doubt the agency’s technological ambition. The most complex engineering project ever attempted has created an enormous set of interlinked modules that orbits the planet at more than 27,000 kilometres per hour. It might be travelling fast but, say critics, as a lab it is going nowhere. So far, it has gone through $150 billion.

B So where should its future priorities lie? This question was addressed at the recent 1st annual ISS research and development conference in Colorado. Among the presenters was Satoshi Iwase of Aichi Medical University in Japan who has spent several years developing an experiment that could help solve one of the key problems that humans will face in space: keeping our bodies healthy in weightlessness. One thing that physiologists have learned is that without gravity our bodies begin to lose strength, leaving astronauts with weakened bones, muscles and cardiovascular systems. To counter these effects on a long- duration mission to, say, Mars, astronauts will almost certainly need to create their own artificial gravity. This is

where Iwase comes in. He leads a team designing a centrifuge for humans. In their preliminary design, an astronaut is strapped into the seat of a machine that resembles an exercise bike. Pedalling provides a workout for the astronauts muscles and cardiovascular system, but it also causes the seat to rotate vertically around a central axis so the rider experiences artificial gravity while exercising.

C The centrifuge project highlights the station’s potential as a research lab. Similar machines have flown in space aboard NASA’s shuttles, but they couldn’t be tested for long enough to prove whether they were effective. It’s been calculated that to properly assess a centrifuge’s impact on human physiology, astronauts would have to ride it for 30 minutes a day for at least two months. The only way to test this is in weightlessness, and the only time we have to do that is on the space station,’ says Laurence Young, a space medicine expert at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

D There are certainly plenty of ideas for other experiments: but many projects have yet to fly. Even if the centrifuge project gets the green light, it will have to wait another five years before the station’s crew can take a spin. Lengthy delays like this are one of the key challenges for NASA, according to an April 2011 report from the US National Academy of Sciences. Its authors said they were ‘deeply concerned’ about the state of NASAs science research, and made a number of recommendations. Besides suggesting that the agency reduces the time between approving experiments and sending them into space, it also recommended setting clearer research priorities.

E NASA has already begun to take action, hiring management consultants Pro-Orbis to develop a plan to cut through the bureaucracy. And Congress also directed NASA to hire an independent organisation, the Centre for the Advancement of Science in Space (CASIS), to help manage the station’s US lab facilities. One of CASIS’s roles is to convince public and private investors that science on the station is worth the spend because judged solely by the number of papers published, the ISS certainly seems poor value: research on the station has generated about 3,100 papers since 1998.The Hubble Space Telescope, meanwhile, has produced more than 1,300 papers in just over 20 years, yet it cost less than one-tenth of the price of the space station.

F Yet Mark Uhran, assistant associate administrator for the ISS, refutes the criticism that the station hasn’t done any useful research. He points to progress made on a salmonella vaccine, for example. To get the ISS research back on track, CASIS has examined more than 100 previous microgravity experiments to identify promising research themes. From this, it has opted to focus on life science and medical research, and recently called for proposals for experiments on muscle wasting, osteoporosis and the immune system. The organisation also maintains that the ISS should be used to develop products with commercial application and to test those that are either close to or already on the market. Investment from outside organisations is vital, says Uhran, and a balance between academic and commercial research will help attract this.

G The station needs to attract cutting-edge research, yet many scientists seem to have little idea what goes on aboard it. Jeanne Di Francesco at ProOrbis conducted more than 200 interviews with people from organisations with potential interests in low gravity studies. Some were aware of the ISS but they didn’t know what’s going on up there, she says. ‘Others know there’s science, but they don’t know what kind.’

H According to Alan Stern, planetary scientist, the biggest public relations boost for the ISS may come from the privately funded space flight industry. Companies like SpaceX could help NASA and its partners when it comes to resupplying the ISS, as it suggests it can reduce launch costs by two-thirds. Virgin Atlantic’s Space Ship Two or ZeroUnfinity’s high- altitude balloon could also boost the space station’s fortunes. They might not come close to the ISS’s orbit, yet Stern believes they will revolutionise the way we, the public, see space. Soon everyone will be dreaming of interplanetary travel again, he predicts. More importantly, scientists are already

queuing for seats on these low-gravity space-flight services so they can collect data during a few minutes of weightlessness. This demand for low-cost space flight could eventually lead to a service running on a more frequent basis, giving researchers the chance to test their ideas before submitting a proposal for experiments on the ISS. Getting flight experience should help them win a slot on the station, says Stern.

Questions 27-30

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

27 What does the writer state about the ISS in the first paragraph?

A  Its manufacture has remained within the proposed budget.

B  It is a great example of technological achievement.

C  There are doubts about the speed it has attained.

D  NASA should have described its purpose more accurately.

28 What are we told about Satoshi Iwase’s experimental machine?

A  It is based on conventional exercise equipment.

B  It was originally commissioned by NASA.

C  It is designed only to work in low-gravity environments.

D  It has benefits that Iwase did not anticipate.

29 The writer refers to the Hubble Space Telescope in order to

A  show why investment in space technology has decreased.

B  highlight the need to promote the ISS in a positive way.

C  explain which kind of projects are more likely to receive funding.

D  justify the time required for a space project to produce results.

30 In the sixth paragraph, we are told that CASIS has

A  rejected certain applications for experiments on the ISS.

B  expressed concern about testing products used for profit.

C  questioned the benefits of some of the projects currently on the ISS.

D  invited researchers to suggest certain health-based projects.

Questions 31-35

Look at the following opinions (Questions 31-35) and the list of people below. Match each opinion with the correct person, A, B,C or D. Write the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

31 The ISS should be available for business-related ventures.

32 There is general ignorance about what kinds of projects are possible on the ISS.

33 The process of getting accepted projects onto the ISS should be speeded up.

34 Some achievements of the ISS are underrated.

35 To properly assess new space technology, there has to be an absence of gravity.

List of people

A  Laurence Young

B  Authors of the US National Academy of Sciences report

C  Mark Uhran

D  Jeanne Di Francesco

Questions 36-39

Complete the summary using the lists of words, A-H, below.

The influence of commercial space flight on the ISS

According to Alan Stern, private space companies could affect the future of the ISS.

He believes they could change its image; firstly because sending food and equipment there would be more (36) …………………….. if a commercial craft were used, and secondly, because commercial flights might make the whole idea of space exploration seem (37)…………………… to ordinary people. Another point is that as the demand for space flights increases, there is a chance of them becoming more (38)…………………… And by working on a commercial flight first, scientists would be more (39) ……………………. if an ISS position came up.

B  competitive

C  flexible

H economical

Question 40

40 The writer’s purpose in writing this article is to

A  promote the advantages of space flight in general.

B  illustrate how the ISS could become more effective.

C  criticise the ISS for its narrow-minded attitude.

D  contrast useful and worthless space projects.

Reading Answers 

27 Answer:  B

Question type:  Multiple choice Question

Answer location:  Paragraph A, line 1 – line 3

Answer explanation:  In the introductory lines of Paragraph A, it is given that  “A premier, world-class laboratory in low Earth orbit. That was how the National Aeronautics and Space Administration agency (NASA) sold the International Space Station (ISS) to the US Congress in 2001.Today no one can doubt the agency’s technological ambition.”.  From these statements it can be concluded that the International Space Station (ISS) was sold as it was a world-class laboratory and no one has any doubt about its technological advancements. Hence, the answer is B.

28 Answer:  A

Answer location:  Paragraph B, line 7 – line 8

Answer explanation:  In the quoted lines, it is noted that “ He leads a team designing a centrifuge for humans. In their preliminary design, an astronaut is strapped into the seat of a machine that resembles an exercise bike.” . It is clear that Satoshi Iwase’s experimental machine is based on conventional exercise equipment, which is an exercise bike. Hence, the answer is A.

29 Answer:  B

Answer location:  Paragraph E, line 3 – line 4

Answer explanation:  In the noted lines of Paragraph E, it is said that “ One of CASIS’s roles is to convince public and private investors that science on the station is worth the spend because judged solely by the number of papers published, the ISS certainly seems poor value: research on the station has generated about 3,100 papers since 1998.The Hubble Space Telescope, meanwhile, has produced more than 1,300 papers in just over 20 years, yet it cost less than one-tenth of the price of the space station. ”. It can be pointed out that initially the ISS seemed to have poor value and produced less number of papers. But, with the Hubble Space Telescope, it was stressed on the increasing number of research papers at a lower cost. Hence, the answer is B.

30 Answer:  D

Answer location:  Paragraph F, line 3 – line 4

Answer explanation:  In Paragraph F, it is said that  “To get the ISS research back on track, CASIS has examined more than 100 previous microgravity experiments to identify promising research themes. From this, it has opted to focus on life science and medical research, and recently called for proposals for experiments on muscle wasting, osteoporosis and the immune system.”.  This points to the fact that CASIS has called promising research themes by various researchers to conduct experiments on muscle wasting, osteoporosis and the immune system. Hence, the answer is D.

31 Answer:  C

Question type:  Matching Features

Answer location:  Paragraph F, line 5 – line 6

Answer explanation:  In the lines of Paragraph F, it is said that  “The organisation also maintains that the ISS should be used to develop products with commercial application and to test those that are either close to or already on the market. Investment from outside organisations is vital, says Uhran…”  This proves the fact that Mark Uhran is of the opinion that the ISS should be available for business-related ventures (commercial application) as investment from outside the organization is essential. Hence, the answer is C.

32 Answer:  D

Answer location:  Paragraph G, line 3 – line 4

Answer explanation:  In the mentioned lines, it is stated  “Some were aware of the ISS but they didn’t know what’s going on up there, she says. ‘Others know there’s science, but they don’t know what kind.’” . It can be concluded that Jeanne Di Francesco points out that some are aware of the ISS but do not know about what kinds of projects are possible on the ISS. Hence, the answer is D.

33 Answer:  B

Answer location:  Paragraph D, line 4 – line 5

Answer explanation:  In Paragraph D, it is said that  “Its authors said they were ‘deeply concerned’ about the state of NASAs science research, and made a number of recommendations. Besides suggesting that the agency reduces the time between approving experiments and sending them into space, it also recommended setting clearer research priorities.”.  This points out that the authors of the US National Academy of Sciences report suggested that the process of getting accepted projects onto the ISS should be speeded up. Hence, the answer is B.

34 Answer:  C

Answer location:  Paragraph F, line 1 – line 2

Answer explanation:  The following lines – Yet Mark Uhran, assistant associate administrator for the ISS, refutes the criticism that the station hasn’t done any useful research. He points to progress made on a salmonella vaccine, for example. – proves the fact that Uhran pointed out the progress made on a salmonella vaccine and stated that people underrated the achievements of the ISS. Hence, the answer is C.

35 Answer:  A

Answer location:  Paragraph C, line 4

Answer explanation:  The specified line states that  “The only way to test this is in weightlessness, and the only time we have to do that is on the space station,’ says Laurence Young, a space medicine expert at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.” . From this reference, it can be said that according to Laurence Young, to assess new space technology, there has to be an absence of gravity (weightlessness), otherwise the experiments might fail. Hence, the answer is A.

36 Answer:  H

Question type:  Summary Completion

Answer location:  Paragraph H, line 1 – line 2

Answer explanation:  The indicated lines of Paragraph H mention that  “According to Alan Stern, planetary scientist, the biggest public relations boost for the ISS may come from the privately funded space flight industry. Companies like SpaceX could help NASA and its partners when it comes to resupplying the ISS, as it suggests it can reduce launch costs by two-thirds.”.  This statement indicates that Alan Stern said that the private space companies would be beneficial as resupplying food and equipment would cost less (economical). Hence, the answer is H (economical).

37 Answer:  D

Answer location:  Paragraph H, line 4 – line 5

Answer explanation:  The given lines of Paragraph H say that  “They might not come close to the ISS’s orbit, yet Stern believes they will revolutionise the way we, the public, see space.”.  It is clear that Virgin Atlantic’s SpaceShipTwo or ZeroUnfinity would make the whole idea of space exploration seem real, as the public (ordinary people) will be able to see it in front of their own eyes. Hence, the answer is D (real).

38 Answer:  F

Answer location:  Paragraph H, line 7

Answer explanation:  The given line of Paragraph H says that  “This demand for low-cost space flight could eventually lead to a service running on a more frequent basis…”.  It is clear that as the demand for space flights increases, there is a chance of them becoming more regular (running on a more frequent basis). Hence, the answer is F (regular).

39 Answer:  G

Answer location:  Paragraph H, line 7 – line 8

Answer explanation:  The given lines in Paragraph H say that  “…giving researchers the chance to test their ideas before submitting a proposal for experiments on the ISS. Getting flight experience should help them win a slot on the station, says Stern.”  In light of the fact that by working on a commercial flight first, scientists would be more suitable to get chosen if an ISS position came up (win a slot on the station), the answer is G (suitable).

40 Answer:  B

Question type:  Multiple Choice Question

Answer location:  Whole Passage

Answer explanation:  Throughout the passage, the writer points out various ways in which the ISS can be improved upon or highlights its contribution. In the first paragraph, the space station is mentioned as a ‘premier, world-class laboratory in low Earth orbit’. Next, in Paragraph C, it is stated that “The only way to test this is in weightlessness, and the only time we have to do that is on the space station…”, which proves that the ISS is an important place to conduct various researches as there is no gravity. Finally, the writer describes ways to boost the prospects of the ISS for the future in Paragraph E and H. Hence, the answer is B.

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Soon after graduating with a Master’s in Literature from Southern Arkansas University, she joined an institute as an English language trainer. She has had innumerous student interactions and has produced a couple of research papers on English language teaching. She soon found that non-native speakers struggled to meet the English language requirements set by foreign universities. It was when she decided to jump ship into IELTS training. From then on, she has been mentoring IELTS aspirants. She joined IELTSMaterial about a year ago, and her contributions have been exceptional. Her essay ideas and vocabulary have taken many students to a band 9.

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Space Travel And Health Reading Answers

Space travel is becoming more popular by the day as people are eager to explore the extended and strange universe. But with this unique borderland comes some new health risks, so it is better reading the answers before you go.

This article will answer some of the most common questions about  space travel  and health. We’ll cover everything from how radiation impacts the body to what occurs when you eat in space! So, if you’re planning on taking a  trip to outer space , make sure to read this article first!

What kind of health risks are associated with space travel?

In current years, the  potential of outer space travel  has become much more of a reality.  Commercial companies  such as  SpaceX  and  Blue Origin  offer tours to near-Earth objects and  the moon , and more and more people are beginning to explore the chances that space travel has to offer. 

Nevertheless, many health hazards are associated with  long-term space travel , varying from muscle atrophy to cosmic radiation. To minimize these risks, scientists have developed various strategies for protecting astronauts during their cosmos tour. 

For instance, actions such as muscle conditioning and high-calorie nutritional supplements can help to reduce the effects of muscle loss due to reduced gravity. Further,  scientists are researching  advanced medical technologies and protocols that can help to protect astronauts from dangerous radiation exposure during long journeys via  deep space . Finally, with proper preparation and planning, humans can travel safely to the vast reaches of outer space.

How do astronauts maintain their physical health while in space for extended periods of time?

Astronauts face numerous unique challenges in maintaining their physical health while in space. First and only, they must deal with the effects of microgravity, including muscle and bone loss, differences in vision and balance, and limited organ function.

To manage these problems, astronauts depend on various advanced technologies and techniques, such as training tools that emulate resistance training or gravitational forces on the body and biomechanical analysis systems that monitor their health movements.

In complement to these technical challenges, astronauts must also adapt to living in a bounded space for long periods. This can be extremely difficult for those who take part in extended  space tourism missions  that often stay several months or longer. 

Moreover, returning to Earth’s gravity after a long journey into space can also present its own difficulties, varying from balance issues and disrupted sleep practices to mood upsets and altered sensory perception. 

Nevertheless, with good support and preparation from psychologists and medical experts, astronauts can adapt to all of these challenges successfully over time.

What diseases could be spread through space travel?

However, there is a real danger that diseases could spread through space travel. Asthma, for example, could become a serious problem in an enclosed environment like a  space station  or  spacecraft . 

The absence of gravity would also make it challenging for the body to fight off infection. Viruses and bacteria could smoothly spread via the close quarters of a spacecraft, and even if astronauts are healthy when they leave Earth, they could bring back unknown diseases. 

In short, space trip presents a very genuine risk of disease information. With proper protection, this risk can be minimized.

What psychological effects can space travel have on individuals, and how is this addressed by NASA and other space agencies around the world?

The technical passages needed for  Space tourism  are tough. Many  private companies  around the world have also aimed to understand and mitigate any possible psychological effects. 

Some of these effects may contain disorientation, confusion, and cramped quarters, which can impact an individual’s mental state as they guide their way via a long-distance journey.

NASA  and other space agencies have recognized this challenge and have taken steps to help handle it. These often have extensive training activities designed to prepare travelers for different techniques they may face during a trip and carefully monitor their progress throughout their journey to identify potential issues or concerns quickly. 

Technological Advances Make Space Travel Safer And Less Taxing On The Human Body?

Many elements of space flight can be extremely challenging for the human body.  Space exploration  is a test of constancy for even the most suitable individuals, from the intense conditions of zero-gravity environments to the high levels of radiation exposure. 

Some experts believe that new technological passages in various fields could help minimize space travel’s physical and mental tolls. For example, artificial intelligence and robotics inventions could make it more comfortable with automating certain operations and methods, leaving more time for astronauts to rest or be ready for their mission. 

Besides, improved materials testing methods may help to recognize potential threats before they can cause harm to astronauts or damage equipment. Finally, while there are no promises that these technologies will come to realization anytime soon, they have incredible promise for making  outer space  more accessible and less taxing on those who undertake into its unknown depths.

The impact of space travel on human health both now and in the future

As we continue to  explore our deep universe , it is important to study  the effect of space travel  on human health, both now and in the future. There are many potential risks combined with long-term exposure to deep space, including radiation poisoning, loss of bone density, and cognitive decline. While present spacecraft are equipped with shielding to protect astronauts from some of these threats, we still do not fully understand the risks involved in  deep space travel . 

In addition to protecting the health of current and future astronauts, this research will also have important senses for the health of future generations of Earthlings who may one day decide to leave our planet behind and make a new home among the stars.

As we resume  exploring space , it is more essential than ever to study the influence of space travel on human health. This research will help us identify and manage any risks related to long-term space exploration so that astronauts can stay healthy and safe while in rotation or  traveling beyond our solar system . 

With current technology, some unavoidable health risks are connected with extended space travel. Yet, by continuing to study these risks and find new ways to mitigate them, we can make space travel a securer and more rewarding experience for everyone interested.

But it is important to continue studying the impact of space travel on human health now and in the future as we explore our universe further and deeper than ever before.

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SPACE TRAVEL AND HEALTH

Academic reading test 56 answers.

Dear students, here are the IELTSFever Academic Reading Test 56 Answers ( Passage 1 Space Travel and Health, Passage 2 Vanished, Passage 3 Dogs – A Love Story) Dear Students, if you need to clear your doubts regarding these Answers, you can ask any question throw our email, or you can mention your query in the comments […]

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Academic Reading Practice Test 56 Space Travel and Health

Academic Reading Test 56 SPACE TRAVEL AND HEALTH, VANISHED, DOGS – A LOVE STORY we prefer you to work offline, download the test paper and blank answer sheet IELTSFever-academic-reading-practice-test-56-pdf Academic Reading Test 56 Answers SPACE TRAVEL AND HEALTH Reading Passage 1 Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs A-G. Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-E and G from the

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IELTS Reading Answers Sample

• Animal Camouflage
• Types Of Societies
• Australia Convict Colonies
• A Spark A Flint
• Emigration To The Us
• The History Of Salt
• Zoo Conservation Programmes
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Space Flight Tourism: IELTS Reading Passage with Questions and Answers

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Updated on 03 February, 2024

upGrad Abroad Team

Upgrad abroad editorial team.

Introduction:

The concept of space flight tourism, once a mere figment of science fiction, has transformed into a tangible reality in the 21st century. This passage delves into the intricacies of space tourism, exploring its development, the technology involved, its impact, and the ethical considerations it raises.

Passage: "Space Flight Tourism: Navigating the New Frontier"

In the annals of human achievement, the early 21st century will perhaps be remembered as the dawn of a new era in space exploration – not by professional astronauts, but by ordinary people. Space flight tourism, once a fantasy relegated to the pages of science fiction, is becoming a reality, promising a unique blend of adventure, science, and awe-inspiring experiences.

The journey towards commercial space travel has been a complex one. In the early 2000s, visionaries like Elon Musk with SpaceX and Jeff Bezos with Blue Origin took the first steps in this ambitious quest. The goal was clear: to make space accessible to not just a select few astronauts but to anyone with the dream and financial means. The development of reusable rocket technology marked a critical turning point in this endeavor. These technological advancements promised a reduction in costs and increased the feasibility of space tourism, bringing it within the realm of possibility for a larger demographic.

SpaceX, with its Dragon spacecraft, and Blue Origin, with its New Shepard rocket system, have both successfully sent non-professional astronauts into space, signaling the birth of the space tourism industry. Additionally, Virgin Galactic, led by Sir Richard Branson, has also been a key player, focusing on suborbital spaceflights. These developments represent a monumental shift from state-sponsored space programs to private, entrepreneurial ventures in outer space.

The experience of space travel is unparalleled. Imagine the thrill of a rocket launch, the weightlessness of zero gravity, and the breathtaking views of the Earth from above. For many, it's the ultimate bucket-list experience. However, the industry faces significant challenges and criticisms. One of the most pressing is the environmental impact. Rocket launches release substantial amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the Earth's atmosphere. While the total number of space flights remains relatively low compared to other forms of transport, the impact per flight is significant.

Furthermore, space tourism raises important ethical and philosophical questions. In a world grappling with numerous challenges such as poverty, climate change, and political strife, some argue that the resources dedicated to space tourism could be better used elsewhere. This debate is intensified by the fact that space tourism remains an elite experience, accessible only to the very wealthy. The tickets for a trip to space range from hundreds of thousands to millions of dollars, making it far beyond the reach of the average person.

Despite these concerns, the industry is advancing. The potential of space tourism extends beyond mere recreational activity. It holds promise for scientific research and technological development. For instance, the microgravity environment of space offers a unique laboratory for experiments in fields ranging from medicine to materials science.

Moreover, space tourism could have significant long-term benefits for humanity. It could pave the way for advancements in space colonization and exploration, and perhaps even provide solutions to earthly problems. For example, asteroid mining, a concept that has been much discussed in scientific circles, could potentially provide resources that are scarce on Earth.

The economic impact of space tourism cannot be ignored. It's expected to create new jobs and generate significant revenue. As the industry grows, the cost of space travel may decrease, making it more accessible to a broader audience. This democratization of space travel could lead to a new era in human consciousness, expanding our understanding and appreciation of our planet and its place in the universe.

However, the risks associated with space travel are not trivial. The safety of passengers is paramount, and the industry will need to demonstrate consistent, reliable safety records. The challenge of ensuring the safety of space tourists adds another layer of complexity to this endeavor.

The regulatory landscape for space tourism is still evolving. Currently, there is a lack of comprehensive international regulation governing commercial space flights. This raises questions about liability, insurance, and the rights of passengers. As the industry grows, there will be a need for clear regulations to ensure the safety and rights of all involved.

In conclusion, space flight tourism represents a remarkable intersection of human ambition, technological prowess, and the enduring allure of the unknown. It's a testament to our unquenchable thirst for exploration and discovery. As we stand on the cusp of this new age, it's vital to navigate the challenges and opportunities with care, ensuring that this bold venture into space benefits not just a privileged few, but humanity as a whole.  

Q1. When did the concept of commercial space travel become plausible? A. 1990s B. Early 2000s C. 2010s D. 1980s

Q2. Which company is not mentioned as a pioneer in space tourism? A. SpaceX B. NASA C. Blue Origin D. Virgin Galactic

Q3. What marked a significant milestone in the development of space tourism? A. Discovery of new planets B. Development of reusable rocket technology C. First human on Mars D. International Space Station

Q4. One major allure of space travel is: A. Speed of travel B. Zero gravity experience C. Meeting extraterrestrial life D. Mining asteroids

Q5. True or False: Space tourism has no environmental impacts. A. True B. False

Q6. Fill in the blank: The ethical debate around space tourism involves the prioritization of ________. A. Global issues B. Rocket technology C. Luxury experiences D. Space exploration

Q7. What is one concern raised about the impact of rocket launches? A. Noise pollution B. Release of greenhouse gases C. Formation of new galaxies D. Decreased gravity on Earth

Q8. The desire for _________ is a driving factor behind the growth of the space tourism industry. A. Profit B. Exploration C. Fame D. Colonization

Q9. According to the passage, space tourism is: A. Decreasing in popularity B. Limited to astronauts C. Growing in industry D. Focused on Mars colonization

Q10. The passage suggests that space travel offers: A. A solution to global warming B. A standard holiday experience C. A unique, life-altering experience D. An affordable vacation option

A1. B. Early 2000s. The passage mentions that the idea of commercial space travel became a plausible venture in the early 2000s.

A2. B. NASA. The passage mentions SpaceX and Blue Origin as pioneers in space tourism, but not NASA in this context.

A3. B. Development of reusable rocket technology. The passage states this as a significant milestone in the development of space tourism.

A4. B. Zero gravity experience. The allure of experiencing zero gravity is highlighted in the passage as a unique aspect of space travel.

A5. B. False. The passage mentions the environmental impact of rocket launches, including the release of greenhouse gases.

A6. A. Global issues. The ethical debate involves prioritizing resources for space over addressing global issues.

A7. B. Release of greenhouse gases. This is mentioned as a concern regarding the environmental impact of rocket launches.

A8. B. Exploration. The passage identifies the human desire for exploration as a driving factor behind the industry's growth.

A9. C. Growing in industry. The passage indicates that despite concerns, the space tourism industry is growing.

A10. C. A unique, life-altering experience. This is mentioned in the passage as one of the promises of space travel.

Conclusion:

Space flight tourism stands at the crossroads of groundbreaking technology and profound ethical debates. As this industry continues to expand, it challenges us to balance the thrill of exploration with the responsibility towards our planet and its inhabitants. This passage and the accompanying questions aim to provoke thought and discussion among IELTS learners and enthusiasts alike.

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IELTSDATA READING PASSAGE 62-SPACE

IELTSDATA READING PASSAGE 62-SPACE.

SPACE Is humanity running out of space or will we find new frontiers? As populations grow, people have to look for more innovative ways to provide space

Section A The world has changed dramatically since Thomas Malthus’s work ‘An Essay on the Principle of the population’, first published in 1798, argued that by the mid-1800s the unrestricted expansion of the human population would outgrow the agricultural land available to supply humanity with food. Over 150 years have passed since this theoretical milestone but mankind, admittedly somewhat more cramped, is still expanding and will continue to do so.

Section B The impact of unfettered population growth is clear for all to see. Urbanization is now a more evident worldwide phenomenon than previously as even greater numbers of people drift from rural areas to vast cities all over the world like Tokyo, Mexico City and Mumbai (26.4 million, 18.4 million and 18.1 million inhabitants in 2000 respectively) in their quest for a better life. These mega-cities, i.e. conurbations with an estimated population of more than 10 million people, are springing up in every continent. Now teeming with humanity, they are hungry for one increasingly valuable resource: land.

While developments in agricultural technology ensure humanity may be able, by and large, to feed the people flocking to these great metropolises, the expansion of the human race is fuelling an unprecedented appetite for real estate. Space, whether it be for personal or public use, corporate or national, human or flora/fauna is now at a premium as we move into a new century. Not only is more land required for accommodation, but also for a wide range of infrastructure facilities. Transport systems including roads within and between cities need to be constructed or upgraded to create motorways; green fields are turned into airports; the virgin forest is stripped to provide food and firewood. In poorer regions, this newly exposed land becomes desert completing the cycle of destruction.

Section C Hitherto, the most common practice for the utilization of expensive space for living and working has been to build upwards; hence, the demand for ever higher buildings, both apartment and commercial, in major cities like New York, Shanghai and Singapore all vying with each other for the tallest buildings. There has also been a tradition for building underground, not just for transport systems, but for the storage of waste, depositories for books etc. as in London, where The British Library housing millions of books has been built largely underground.

Recent years have seen more novel construction developments around the world. In the past, in many countries, Holland and the UK included, marshes and floodplains have been reclaimed from the sea. Like the city of Venice in Italy, housing complexes and even airports have now been constructed off-shore to amazing effect. In Japan, Kansai International Airport has been built off-shore on a man-made island at vast expense and in Dubai, a very imaginative and expensive housing complex in the shape of a palm tree is being built just off the coast on land created by a construction company. However, these and other developments are at risk from rising sea levels as a consequence of global warming.

Section D But where will the human race go when planet earth is full? There have been many theories put forward about the human population moving to outer space. Marshall Savage (1992, 1994), for example, has projected that the human population will reach five quintillions throughout the solar system by the year 3000, with the majority living in the asteroid belt. Arthur C Clarke, a fervent supporter of Savage, now argues that by the year 2057 there will be humans on the Moon, Mars, Europa, Ganymede, Titan, and in orbit around Venus, Neptune and Pluto. Feeman Dyson (1999) favors the Kuiper belt as the future home of humanity, suggesting this could happen within a few centuries.

Section E Habitation in outer space in huge stations is no longer just a dream, but a reality. A permanent international space station now orbits the earth. The first commercial tourist recently went into outer space with more trips planned for the near future. This is only the beginning, but the development of space hotels is not far-off. There is no knowing where mankind may end up. But the ideas about off-world habitation are not fanciful and I am sure I am not alone in fantasizing about summer holidays spent watching the moons rising in some far-flung planet or on a floating hotel somewhere on the Andromeda nebula.

Questions IELTSDATA READING PASSAGE 62-SPACE

Questions 1-4 Reading passage 1 has five sections A-E. Choose the correct heading for sections B-E from the list of headings below.

List of Headings i. How the problem of land scarcity has been overcome in the past ii. Various predictions about future solutions to a lack of space iii. The effects of population growth on land availability iv. The importance of the new British Library v. An expanding population vi. A description of a mega-city vii. A firm belief that human habitation of outer space will occur viii. The importance of having an international space station

Example Answer Section A v 1. Section B 2. Section C 3. Section D 4. Section E

Questions 5-8 Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. 5. The movement of rural people to cities is a……………………….. 6. The land is now very………………………, as a result of the growing demand for space. 7. The feeding of the human race will perhaps be guaranteed by changes in…………………. 8. Besides the demands of accommodation, the land is needed for various…………….

Questions 9-13 Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage? In boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet write YES if the statement reflects the claims of the writer NO, if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

9. The destruction of land for food and firewood is linked to desertification. 10. Shortage of space has also led to underground building construction. 11. The building of the airport in Japan costs much more than that of the housing complex in Dubai. 12. Arthur C Clarke was the only person to predict that mankind will inhabit other parts of the solar system. 13. The concept of the habitation of outer space by mankind is unimaginable.

Answers of IELTSDATA READING PASSAGE 62-SPACE

5 . WORLDWIDE PHENOMENON

6 . VALUABLE RESOURCE

7 . AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY

8 . INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES

IELTSDATA READING PASSAGE  41 Amber – Frozen Moments іn Time

IELTSDATA READING PASSAGE 46 -The Invisible Thread

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Hello, I'm Manpreet Singh, and it's my pleasure to welcome you to IELTSdata.org. For over a decade, I have had the privilege of guiding thousands of students and professionals like you on their journey to achieve their desired scores in the IELTS exam. My passion for teaching and my dedication to the English language have been the driving forces behind our platform, and it's an honor to share this journey with you.

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