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Defending The Trips Formation

The top-tier teams in our conference all run versions of the spread offense. We utilize the 33 Stack defense and our coaching staff works hard on adjusting blitz concepts so as not to compromise our secondary coverages. Our “Buster” scheme, as we dubbed it, has been an integral part in defending against our spread opponents.

The Master Of Disguise One of the more popular spread-formation looks our opponents use is the Trips or 3-by-1 set. By having three receivers on one side — a wide receiver (WR) and two slot receivers, or, a WR off the line of scrimmage (LOS) with a slot receiver and a tight end — and a WR on the weak side, the offense creates an unbalanced-spread look, which challenges the defense to match up. When this occurs, the defense must account for three receivers on the strong side and the backside receiver, plus stopping the run.  

The offense’s goal is to create misdirections to befuddle the defense. So, to counter this, your defense needs to disguise what it wants to accomplish — disguise a blitz or disguise the coverage.

The use of disguise in our Buster series  is the solution to getting maximum coverage on the strong side, while preventing weak-side vulnerability — all the while serving a heavy dose of the blitz. Buster creates confusion and misreads by the QB. This leads to sacks, interceptions, fumbles, incompletions or stuffing runs.

Beating The Offense With ‘Buster’

Buster is an audible call out of our regular defense. The Buster audible series may appear complicated at first. When coaches break it down, however, it is easily taught. Our players have come to enjoy the problems Buster creates for opposing offenses. And, the “big play” opportunities for every defender on the field play an important role in the players learning their assignments.

One method we use is to “flop” our ends, spurs and outside linebackers (LB) in our 33 Stack defense. Aligned to the strong side are the defensive end (E in the diagrams), Sam Linebacker (SLB), and the Archer LB (a spur). Aligned on the weak side are the speed-end rusher (R), Will LB (WLB) and Lance (another spur).

These movements now create a Cover 2 shell look for the QB’s read as he is in cadence.

The Archer stems, aligning with the No. 3 (inside slot) receiver. The Archer’s outside leg splits the No. 3 WR’s body.

The timing of the movement from what Diagram 1 shows to the look of Diagram 2 is determined by your coaches during game planning. From watching the opponent, here is a good rule of thumb: the moving defenders should watch the center.

Centers tend to look through their legs to get an accurate reference point of snapping the ball to the QB.  Centers look up prior to snapping the ball. Between the initial QB cadence and the snap, the QB is seeing the defense shift into a Cover 2.

Defending Adjustments After you stuff the basic trips formation a few times, the offense typically smartens up and adds some adjustments to its look.

The speed option to the weak side is a popular running play for spread offenses and it is addressed within the Buster audible.  

If the defense makes the “strength” call when the offense lines up in a 2-by-2 set, and when the offense motions to trips, the potential for confusion exists. To follow suit and audible to Buster would mean a wholesale shift of personnel from one side of the field to the other. To avoid such confusion, go with Buster Opp (see below).

At the snap, E takes an initial step toward to offensive tackle. He then backs off into flat coverage. The Archer LB has taken his outside pass rush with the SLB blitzing the B-gap. The defense is still rushing six, and it becomes a “cat-and-mouse” game with the QB — that’s why the zone blitz is named Minnie.

The “Cincy” audible (see below) out of Buster is a weak-side CB blitz and is a second option for your defense against the offense motioning out of Trips and into a 2-by-2 formation.

While the CB stems, the SLB and Mike LB stem to a 30 look; lining up 3 1/2 yards from the guards. The FS stems to a 1-by-7 look on the strong side. On the snap, the nose tackle (NT) stunts to the weak-side B-gap. The SLB and Mike LB blitz the A-gaps.

A delay blitz by the Mike LB may work best, depending on the direction the center takes. The WLB takes the flat coverage to look for the ‘hot’ route.  The Lance covers the weak-side receiver deep, with the FS jumping the “hot” route by the strong-side slot or wide out.

For the empty formation (3-by-2 look with only the QB in the backfield), make a minor tweak.  

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One thought on “Defending The Trips Formation”

Here is a link which provides video of Buster. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gsmh6gRCbKQ

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Best Flag Football Plays

Wr screen and up (trips).

The WR Screen and Up play is a great trick play that takes some time to set up.  You have to run the WR Screen play beforehand, and run it successfully.  If you begin to hurt them with the Screen, then the defense will start to sneak up forward, and that is when you hit them with the Screen and Up.

The most important aspect of performing this play is the way in which the Wide Receiver fakes his block.  He has to run out to the Cornerback as if he is going to block him, and as soon as the Cornerback makes a move to avoid the block, the Receiver then turns on the jets and runs up the sideline.  The defense won’t even know what hit them until the ball is flying over all their heads.

WR Screen and Up (Bunch)

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WR Screen and Up (3-Wide)

WR Screen and Up (4-Wide)

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“How Do You Play Trips?” Pt. 3 – Defending the Run

When developing a defense it is important to start with the front and work back. Lining up correctly to formations, understanding keys, and developing a plan to stop the run all starts with the front seven. In a 4-3/4-2-5 ( or 3-4 Hybrid ) defense, the secondary players become the adjusters. Playing a single-gap defense and using formations to dictate ali…

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WR screens are great and effective. I’ve been using them for years and know how to maximize their potential.

Against Man or Zone, WR screens can be deadly but not cheesy.

First, just like in real life, most screens are thrown to the short side of the field. You should do the same.

As soon as you snap the ball. Throw it hard to the WR. Sometimes it’s better to let the CPU take control of him after he catches it, it’s up to you.

Most of these screens have a backside Go route so peak at the safeties in Man to see if they come up to exploit them.

All of the screens are designed to go to the right side of the field

If your QB is left handed, it takes him almost one more second to get the ball off.

So instead, just flip the play for your lefty so he can throw to his left side so he can get the ball out quicker.

Regarding HB Screens, these are tough to pull off and only marginally work against Zone so don’t expect miracle. They can work though with good blocking.

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Previous post.

Good post. I’ll agree that it is better to let the CPU make the catch and start to run because in my experience, often when I catch the ball and try to run, the WR will stutter-step and turn around in place, which causes him to stick in place for an extra second or so and it kills the play, allowing the DB to run in and tackle. My guess is that the CPU is trying to take off to one side and I take control and unwittingly make him run the other way, which causes the stutter-step.

You’re right. I also think QB Accuracy plays a big part as well.

Pingback: The Baylor Offense Part 3 - NCAA 06 Revival

Do you use the tunnel screens as well? I have not had much success with them while the WR screens work great. Is the timing different with them?

Do you mean Flanker screens? The only screen plays I could never get to work consistently were HB Screens.

They should up in a few formations, but the ones I have been trying to use are from the Ace Empty formation.

There are 6 screen plays that I use routinely, depending on the offense I’m using at the time. They are in the following formations and are WR and Flanker screens: Ace Big Twin WR, Y-Trips, 4WR Trips, and Gun Y-Trips, Trips Over, Trips.

They is only one WR screen in Es h of those formations so you can’t miss them.

I don’t use Ace Empty much because I do not like the passing concepts enough to use it.

Ok, I have done some research. Bubble screens are delay screens instead of quick screens like the WR screen. That’s why they haven’t been working for me. They are intended to take advantage of tunnels that form int he defense, esp. when they blitz. I have been playing around with the timing on prtactice mode and the delay isn’t a long one. If I get the timing right, it can be a huge gain. If it’s too early or too late, it’s usually little or no gain. I have to try themn in games and in other formation now, but I think they may be a great way to alow down a blitzing defense.

Yeah timing is everything with screens. I love screens because they go so well in certain offenses, especially in my Al-Raid Offense.

It’s good to see your using practice mode to its fullest extent. My solution to anything in 06 is to rep a play as many times as need to get the answer.

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7 on 7 Flag Football Plays

Slot motion screen.

The slot receiver and the weak side receiver motion to a stacked alignment at the weak slot position. The quarterback throws a quick outside screen to the back receiver and the front receiver blocks. GREEN: Block the defender covering PURPLE. BLUE: Block the defender covering GREEN. Slot Motion Screen is an offensive 7 on 7 […]

Slot Slant Middle Screen

All three wide receivers run quick slants then break off and run fly routes. The linemen pull back to block then release to block for a middle screen to the center. If the defense is playing a short zone or doesn’t rush the quarterback looks to one of the receivers running the fly routes instead […]

Stack Sideline Screen

Stacked trips formation screen to the back wide receiver. Front two receivers block to the inside creating a running lane along the sideline. WR Block the second defender from the sideline. Leave the innermost defender unblocked. WR Ideally the innermost defender will get caught up in the other blocks but, worst case, you’ll have to […]

Triangle Trips Screen

Trips formation screen with the outside receiver stepping back for the screen to the inside and the other two receivers blocking. Triangle Trips Screen is an offensive 7 on 7 flag football play from the Shotgun Triangle Trips formation and is authored by Fantasy Football. If you get a chance check out our 7 on 7 […]

• Trips Formation Football (4 Best Plays Out of Trips)

By Coach Martin | Football Offense

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• Football Offense

The Trips formation is one of the most popular formations in football.

A lot of teams use it in the modern game because it allows offenses to both spread the field and create confusion + chaos.

Below I'll explain what trips formation is, why it's so popular, and then we'll break down 4 of the best plays to run out of Trips formation.

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What is Trips Formation?

Trips Formation has 3 wide receivers stacked on the same side of the field.

This can cause a lot of confusion for the opposition team.

Offenses can run it out of the  shotgun formation or with the quarterback under center -- though most teams prefer to run it out of shotgun today.

In addition, most offenses will also have another wide receiver lined up to the opposite side of the formation all by himself. Doing so forces the defense to put at least one cornerback to that side of the field.

Why Trips Formation Works

Trips Formation is great at creating mismatches.

First, it forces the defense to either go with the Nickel formation , with five defensive backs on the field; or have a linebacker cover a receiver.

Next, it forces the defense to either:

1. Put four of those players to the side of the field with Trips -- which leaves the other receiver one-on-one.

2. Or put a safety over top of the lone receiver -- which puts all three receivers on the Trips side to be one-on-one.

And Trips can get even more confusing...

Well-designed plays have the receivers on the Trips side running in different directions, which forces the defenders to sometimes cross in front of each other.

It's easy for defenders to lose their man against Trips or to even bump into each other, creating plenty of open spaces for receivers.

Best Trips Formation Plays

Play #1: smash.

Smash is a play in which the two inside receivers will attack the deep part of the field, while the two outside receivers will run short routes.

This is a great play as it attacks the defense on multiple levels, and creates different looks on each side of the field.

Against zone, Smash usually sees the outside receivers having only one defender on them, with the safeties helping out on the deep routes.

This means that the outside receivers will have a lot of open space if they can shake that first defender.

On this play, the lone receiver on the left and the outside receiver on the right will run inside Hitch routes . The H will run a Deep Post toward the middle of the field, while the Z will run a Deep Corner toward the near sideline.

Play #2: Box

Box is a play that looks to cause confusion in the middle of the field.

By running three out of the four routes toward the middle, there will be many defenders running in front of each other and to the same place on the field.

It's easy for receivers to get lost among all these bodies, and then come out wide open as a result.

By having the two outside routes attack the deep area of the field, it leaves a lot of room for the underneath routes to run after the catch.

The X will run a Deep Post toward the middle of the field, while the Y will run a Go route down the right sideline. 

The H will run a Shallow Drag from right to left, with the Z running a Dig/In route about 10 yards downfield.

Play #3: Skinny Post Attack

The Skinny Post Attack is great at attacking the defense at three different depths on the Trips side of the field -- all toward the middle of the field.

This often causes defenders to have to make a choice as to which receiver to cover -- especially the safeties .

Since the X on the outside will run a Deep Fade down the left sideline, he's often matched up one-on-one and could find himself free deep.

The X will run that Deep Fade down the left sideline.

On the Trips side, the H will run a Skinny Post , the Z will run a Deep Hitch, and the Y will run a Deep Post.

Play #4: Scissors

Scissors if the perfect example of how the Trips formation can use routes that cross each other to cause confusion.

In this play, the two receivers to the right in Trips will run mirroring routes that will cross each other at some point.

This will hopefully cause defenders to either run into each other, stumble trying to avoid each other, or just plain lose their coverage man.

Meanwhile, the two other receivers will run clear-out routes to take advantage of what should be a lot of free space.

The Y will run a Deep Post while the Z will run a Deep Corner .

The H will run a Shallow Drag while the X will run a straight Go route.

Many teams in today's game use the Trips formation, in some form, because of the many advantages it has.

While most offenses that use Trips will do so out of shotgun, it is a formation quarterbacks can use under center, too.

It causes a lot of confusion among the defense and creates great mismatches at just about every level.

What's more, it also helps to isolate one great receiver on your team, allowing him to often match up one-on-one against a defender.

Related Posts:

What is 21 Personnel in Football? (Full Explanation)

Singleback Formation (Coaching Guide With Images)

Pro Set Formation (Coaching Guide With Images)

Slot T Offense (Coaching Guide With Images)

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Pass Defense-Defending Trips and 3x1 with Combination Coverage.

Combination Coverages

There are several ways to play defense vs trips. Man concepts, zone and combination coverage. Combination allows you to play zone on one side and man on the other.

This post deals with teams that play combination coverage, man on 1 or 2 players and zone on the rest. This can be done on the outside with man coverage on 1 player and a cover 3 or 2 concept the other way or by what I call weasel, man on an inside wr and then playing zone on everyone else.

You can also play man to man on both outside players with a read concept on #2.

Here are some of the examples: 

The Chiefs get bunch 3x1. They play man on the point man and 3 over 2 on the #1 and #3 wr in the bunch. To the 1 wr side they play man to man.

The #2 WR goes inside and the Sam goes with him. That leaves 3 over 2 on the #1 and #3 WR in the bunch set. They lock up the backside with tough man coverage on #1 and the RB with safety help over the top.

3 over 2 as the CB takes the outside route with the inside route being defended by the LB and the safety.

Special  Coverage

Special is an excellent concept! 

#1 is played man to man,

the sam and safety read #2 and #3. The safety will take 2 or 3 vertically. 

Utah runs special  to the 3x1 side from their 3-4 base package:

They also bring the olb over with the trips set giving them an extra defender.  Man on #1 and zone with everyone else. The sam lb has all of #2 unless 3 is outside.

What you do on the single side depends. Special can be adjusted on the 1 wr side.

Options on the single side

1.You can send the will below and play man (below)

2. cover 2 on the other side and just send 4

3.Play a quarters concept on the 1 WR side

They also have olb playing the flat and the mike playing the hook:

Wash State tries to hit the slant with #1 and because its man on #1 they defend it. Good coverage by the cb. 

Good coverage downfield as you can see the safety sitting on the deeper out pattern.

film analysis to go with above clips: 

Another example is Jim Leonhard at Wisconsin.

He plays cover 2 away from the 3x1 side.

2 Clips of his version is below.

The Chiefs run this cloud concept vs the Dolphins in the 2023 playoffs.

They push the 2 LB to the 3x1 side and play 5 over 3 with the CB as a flat defender. This allows them to play man on Hill to the single side with help over the top.

Marshall runs the concept below,

They check the coverage based on motion. The sam sits outside and waits for 2 or 3 outside. The SS deep takes 3 vertical. The CB locks on #1 to the trips side.

Vic Fangio Combination Coverages

Vic Fangio runs combination coverage when he was with the Broncos, part man part zone. He does it with different coverages on the front side of the combination coverage.

Vs. The Chiefs they run different variations of it. In the first example they play cover 2 from a cover 3 look presnap.

Man coverage to the single side.

The CB sits and makes a nice read.

Mahomes has to put it down and run.

In example #2 you get 1/4 coverage on 1 side with a lock on the 1 wr side. 

In the next example, they play man on the backside but run a variation of 1/4 coverage with the sam carrying #2 vertical. Nice design with what looks like the mike matching the RB to the flat.

The RB opens late but Mahomes is forced to scramble.

The route concept is below.

The sam carries 2 vertical as 3 goes to the flat. The weak safety plays the crosser.

Here are the 2 examples of the coverages discussed above:

Titans play a variation of combo vs the Jaguars in their 21 meeting.

Titans play man to the 1 wr side and play zone with everyone else, basically playing #2 and #3 wr in double coverage. They run a nice stunt from their load front and get the sack.

Here's the defense and how they are playing it.

The safety is reading #3 strong with the quarters concept to the front side.

Another version run by the Bears vs Rodgers

cover 2 weasel

Jimmy Lake Washington Defense with Pete Kwiatowski

2nd and 5 vs Hawaii

They bring a 3 man pressure play man on #2 and cover 2 with everyone else. Confuse Hawaii, no place to go with the ball  and force qb to scramble and throw an incomplete.

Its man on the outside wr to the field. Zone with everyone else. Rotates to cover 2 

Here's Washington again vs USC

USC 1st and 10

They go combo and play man free to the 3x1 side and zone to the 1 wr side. They walk the olb out to press #1 and take away USC best wr. USC runs qb draw against it. They get 4 yards but Wash holds them.

Interesting Combo as usually teams will play it the other way. They press the flat to the 1 wr side with 1/3 player behind it.

Good execution as you see the wr to the top of the field is well covered.

Cover 4 man on the backside or cone in Saban’s world. Baylor runs cover 4 to the trips side and man to the 1 wr side.

In the first example they bring 5 man pressure.

In the 2nd they lock to the backside of 3x1 .

To the field quarters

to the boundary safety is deep 1/2 with LB playing seam curl.

The Seahawks and Patriots both have been using an exchange concept based on release of #1 with condensed formations

The Seahawks do it vs the Rams. #1 to the single side releases inside, the safety takes him and the cb plays the crosser. #1 releases outside the cb will take him.

This is the combo look with man to the trips side.

Adams cuts the route inside 

Patriots man free combo..

3rd and 10 vs Chargers

Really this is man free but the cb and fs weak make this really interesting. The pats put the safety on #1 if he goes across, which he does and leave the cb weak to play crossers. Really an interesting concept.

Some people may consider this man but they are combo with rules. If #1 goes inside the safety takes him and the cb will play any crosser.

#1 releases vertically, the safety will look for crossers.

Nice job defensively in their communication.

Cover 3 combo

The Bengals use it with a 5 man pressure vs the Giants. They bring 4 off the weakside, play man on Engram the Giants best tight end and zone with everyone else. This is called locking the single wr side.

Nice job on the #1 wr in man.

The rest of the defense plays cover 3.

Good job in coverage as they bring 4 to a side  They get the pressure with the overload 4 to a side concept.

Nice execution.

Rams Defense

You will often see Brandon Staley run combination coverages and think outside the box. He also will show man pre snap and shift to zone looks which is rare at the NFL level. Below is when he was with the Rams.

Heres another 3rd and short. Hawks are in 3x1 . 

Seahawks get 6 yards on it.

The Rams  play man on the #1 wr Metcalf vs Ramsey,  with cover 3 with everyone else. 4 over 3 to the bunch with the olb playing the flat.

Ramsey is in man while the rest of the defense is in cover 3.

Nice job as they limit the damage downfield.

Cover 2 Combo

cover 2 with man on #1 opposite the trips. 

Here is an example of cover 2 with solo coverage on #1 to the single wr side.

#2 cover 2 combo.

3rd and 4 Ravens vs the Patriots 

The wr is on #1 man for man with everyone else playing zone coverage. It looks like man free pre snap but they go cover 2 on the snap. Good disguise!

You can see the cb and sam lb playing cover 2 to the bottom of the screen with the safeties in deep 1/2 coverage.

Cover 3 steal(FS robs #3) with man on #1

Ravens vs Steelers. 

Ravens  do a nice job with cover 3 with the free safety robbing #3 

The same game they rob #3 and play the crosser with the same side safety. CB has all of #1 again.

These are some of the combination coverages you see at the NFL and college level. Hope you found some of these concepts useful.

Cover 3 Lock

The 49ers play cover 3 lock, They lock the #1 and RB to the single side. They bring a 5 man pressure vs the Cowboys, They get the free rusher and hit on the qb.

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Pass Routes 101

In this X’s and O’s breakdown breakdown we take a look at some of the more common passing routes that you will find throughout football video games such as Madden and NCAA. Every passing concept and route combination has some sort of passing route.  Some passing routes work better than others vs certain types of pass coverages.

Note: Don’t forget to all check out our related breakdown called “ Common Pass Routes and Route Combos “ .

Receiver Pass Routes

Running Back Pass Routes

Tight End Pass Routes

Common Passing Routes

Halfbacks and fullbacks run this route of the backfield. The back starts off by going towards the outside, and then angles back towards the middle of the field. The angle route is effective  against man coverage if the back has more speed than the defender covering him. It also works against zone coverage by having another receiver run a route over the top such as slant or in route.

The receiver takes one step back and then runs Horizontally with his eyes on the QB waiting for the throw, he then catches it and runs up field. Effective route Vs the blitz and soft zone coverage. If a blitz is called, and defender covering him man coverage is playing off, throw quickly to the receiver. All it takes is for the receiver to break one tackle for a big play.

The receiver runs straight downfield and then towards the corner of the end zone. It’s a good pass route to beat Cover 2 if the cornerbacks play in the short or flat zone area. Against man coverage, it can be effective, but you need to take contrtol of the receiver.

The receiver runs up the field about 8-10 yards and then curls back towards the quarterback. Effective pass route against man and zone coverage.  If throw right, the receiver can be taken control of to make a high leaping catch.

The receiver run 12-15 yards and rounds his route across the field. A very effective pass route against man coverage, especially if the receiver has more speed than the defender covering him.

Deep Comeback

A good pass route to beat man or soft zone coverage. The receiver runs straight downfield for 15–20 yards and then hooks back in or out towards the quarterback.

The receiver runs downfield for 10–15 yards and then cuts towards the middle of the field. This is a good route to beat underneath coverage.

A good pass route to beat soft zone coverage such as Cover 4. The receiver runs 10–15 yards and then cuts in at a 90-degree angle towards the sideline.

This type of routes have the tight end, or runningback delay before going out on their pass route. The reason they delay is because they look like they are pass blocking. In some cases such as when a blitz is called on their side of the ball, they won’t even go out. Routes such seam, flat, or curl are the types of delay routes you will find in the game. Delay routes are indicated by them being blue. Any tight end or runningback cannot be sent in motion when running a delay route. These type of routes are effective against man and zone coverage,

The receiver drives down the field, then cuts over the middle. This is a good route to call against man coverage. If the defense plays zone coverage, the receiver must be in front of the coverage to be successful.

The receiver will try to avoid the cornerback by taking an outside release. This route is effective against bump-n-run. Use a touch pass here.

As the route name indicates, the receiver runs towards the flat. A good route to beat soft zone coverage. Can be effective route against man coverage if the receiver has the speed and acceleration to gain separation.

Pretty much same as a streak as the receiver runs straight up the field. The one difference is the receiver will fade towards the sideline at the in of his route.  A good route to call to if want to learn to user catch, such as the rocket catch or jet pack.

A good pass route to beat man coverage. The receiver runs straight down field for 3–5 yards and then comes back to the quarterback.

Has the receiver looking like he is running an in route and then breaking up straight up the field.  If man coverage is called, throw the ball just as the receiver is breaking inside for best results.

Option routes have receivers running one primary route and one or two secondary pass routes during the same play. There are not as many option routes in the playbooks as years past.  The receiver chooses what he thinks the best route is based on the pass coverage. However he doesn’t always choose the correct route.

is is very effective against zone coverage as the receiver breaks towards the side line as he is running and out route, then quickly breaks straight up the field. Also can be effective if the receiver has speed against man coverage.

The receiver runs downfield for 10–15 yards and then cuts toward the post. This is a good pass route to beat Cover 2. Look for the receiver cutting towards the middle. As soon as you see the safeties split, rifle the football.

A good pass route to beat soft zones or man coverage. The receiver runs straight downfield for 3–5 yards and then cuts at a 90-degree angle towards the sidelines.

Screen routes can be run with the any elgible receiver in the line up. The two most common screens are HB Slip Screen and WR Screen. USe screens to beat the blitz, in particulary zone blitz concepts.

Shallow Cross

The receiver runs 3–5 yards and then cuts across the middle of the field looking for the ball. The cross is effective against man coverage. The drag route wors the same as the shallow cros.

A highly effective pass route against man coverage. The receiver makes a few sudden cuts before finally breaking towards the middle. It during those sudden cuts, he generally gains separation from the man covering him.

A good pass route to beat the blitz man or zone coverage is called.. If timed right it’s almost impossible to stop. The receiver runs straight downfield for 3–5 yards and then slants 45 degrees. This is one of our favorites.

The sluggo pass route is found in its share of playbooks. Just like the shake route, it’s generally only found in one or two formations. It’s best run against players who like to call Cover 0 or Cover 1 coverages.

The receiver starts his route to the sideline and then cuts back towards the middle. It looks like a Z. This route can also be run towards the middle of the field and then cut back towards the sideline. It’s effective against man coverage.

This route has the receiver running slant initially then hooking back towards the quarterback about 4 to 5 yards from the line of scrimmage. Route is effective against man or zone coverage. If man coverage is called, throw to the receiver before he hooks back towards the quarterback. If zone coverage is called, the ball can be throw  before or after the receiver sits underneath the zone coverage.

The receiver runs straight down the field as fast as he can in hopes that he can outrun the cornerback. This is a good route if you have a receiver who’s faster than the defender covering him with no over the top coverage. Route can also be effective in zone coverage if the receiver has the speed and acceleration to past the deep coverage.

The receiver runs a straight up the field 3-4 yards and turn in our outwards backs towards the quarterback. Highly effective pass route that beats zone coverage or blitz.

The receiver will run straight down the field for about 7 yards.  At this point, he will stop and turn back towards the quarterback as if he is running a curl route. He then will turn around and run straight up the field. An effective pass route against zone coverage with a receiver in the slot receiver running a streak, while the outside receiver runs the Stop-n-Go. If man coverage is called, can be effective but receiver needs more speed and acceleration than the defenders covering him has.

The runnintback runs at 90 degree angle straight towards the slide lines then rounds his ways up. Effective route against man coverage if the back faster than the defender covering him. Excellent dump off route to beat the blitz.

The Whip routes also know as Pivot has the receiver running to 2 or 3 yards as in a shallow or quick inside route, then stop and “pivot” back towards the sideline. Effective pass route to beat man coverage.

The receiver starts out rounding out towards the sideline. Once to side line, he then breaks up the field. An effective route against both man and zone coverage. Really effective if a runningback  runs it out of the backfield. Against zone coverage, it’s effective if the outside receiver on same side runs a post or dig route.

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14 comments.

This is good info. The only route I would say is missing is the Mini Corner Post. It is geat against man. An example of it is Ace 4wr Trips – WR Post Corner. The slot receiver is running it.

what’s the best route (or play) against a high overrall db in a man coverage ?

Leandro , I like pass routes that have double moves. Look for plays with the words “shake” in them. They are pretty effective at beating man coverage. Also whip (zig zag) routes are pretty effective.

consider rub combinations one that works for us is trips rt 332 X, Y slants, H out, or same formation 974 post corner smash drag

Thanks for the post but all the images’ links are broken which cannot be viewed. Could you please fix it?

Ferreal, thanks for catching the missing images. They are now fixed.

X’s O’s Staff

Thanks for fixing it but is the wide receiver route tree exactly the same with the tight end’s one?

Sorry about that, it’s fixed.

Thanks, X’s O’s Staff

Good stuff here. Is the zig route in Madden 25 more like a smash or a pivot route?

Great resource. Getting my players to execute is another matter entirely. LOL. Thanks.

I'm not exactly WR fit. I'm the best fit for TE, and the only pass I'd think I'd have a problem with is the option. I have great awarness, I'm elusive, I can get away from man to man coverage, Zone D my weakness. I can get away on a shallow cross, but I get hit immediately afterwards. So when I have three different options, I'm quick on reading the zone D or man to man, but the pass is either to late or to early, or I don't catch it when I'm double covered.

I was forced into learning about american football

Can you add more routes

what is a 52 route in american football route

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Pair these L.A. road trips with a hike and a lunch

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In April 2020 — only a month or so into the COVID-19 pandemic — my wife and I were running out of things to do. The novelty of Zoom calls with friends was wearing off. We’d watched lots of movies and TV. We were itching to get out of our apartment, but with the virus still raging, we couldn’t risk being around other people. Then we had an idea: Why not go for a drive?

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For our first trip, we drove the length of Little Tujunga Canyon Road in the Angeles National Forest. After that, we were hooked. In the ensuing months, we crisscrossed the Santa Monica Mountains and made trips into Los Padres National Forest and beyond.

My wife bought me a California road atlas, and it became part of our scenic drive ritual: We’d consult its pages for inspiration, looking for two-lane roads and state highways that squiggled through mountain ranges or meandered through deserts. After returning home, I’d highlight our route. Four years after our first drive, the atlas is full of highlights documenting our travels — and there’s still a lifetime’s worth of backroads we haven’t covered yet.

No matter where we go, each drive gives me a deeper appreciation for the incredible range of landscapes in Southern California. And these journeys have led to many rewarding discoveries, from out-of-the-way diners to new trailheads for hiking and biking.

If you’re tired of visiting the same places, it’s time to hit the road. These two trips — all within a three-hour drive of the city — will get you started.

Los Padres National Forest and Carrizo Plain National Monument This route traverses winding mountain roads through Los Padres and spits you out near the southern entrance to Carrizo Plain — a vast preserve of native grassland and a hotspot for wildflowers (at least on some years ) and birdwatching . From Interstate 5, take Exit 205 and head west on Frazier Mountain Park Road. This two-lane road changes names several times as it ascends into the San Emigdio Mountains, passing forested slopes and epic canyon views along the way.

After about 42 miles, you’ll meet California 166. Take a right here and then a left on Soda Lake Road to enter Carrizo Plain National Monument. Drive northwest for 35 miles to the parking lot for the Soda Lake Trail, a short boardwalk that gets you up close to the park’s salt-crusted lake. If you plan ahead, you can also book a guided tour of Painted Rock, a sandstone outcrop with Native American rock art.

Hungry? Head back the way you came, take a right on California 166, and drive west 15 miles to the Cuyama Buckhorn , a renovated ’50s motel, restaurant and bar. The eatery’s Santa Maria-style tri-tip is superb, and if you grab a room, you can turn this scenic drive into a full weekend escape .

Volcan Mountain and Julian This route will take you to Julian , a mountain town famous for its apple orchards and delicious pies. From Interstate 15, take Exit 58 for California 79. Take a right on Pechanga Parkway and head south. The road becomes Pala Temecula Road and emerges into a wide canyon with mountains towering on either side. Take a left at Pala Mission Road and continue east on California 76, which hugs the San Luis Rey River before ascending more than 1,000 feet up a chaparral-covered ridgeline.

After some hairpin turns, the road levels off and skirts Lake Henshaw, a picturesque reservoir. Take a right on California 79, and after 10 miles, take a left on Wynola Road. Follow that road for about 3.5 miles, then take a left on Farmer Road to arrive at Volcan Mountain Wilderness Preserve. Stretch your legs on the Five Oaks Trail , a 1.2-mile path that ascends the western flank of Volcan Mountain and offers sweeping views of the orchards below.

With your appetite revved up, head south on Farmer Road into Julian and make a stop at the Julian Pie Co . Grab a well-deserved slice of apple pie and some apple cider and rest your feet at a picnic table while you chow down.

3 things to do

1. Race plankton in Manhattan Beach In celebration of Earth Day, the Roundhouse Aquarium will hold a day full of educational activities inside and outside its facilities. Highlights include dolphin spotting, a fish feeding, crafts, games, a “shark shack” and, yes, plankton racing. The festivities kick off at 10:30 a.m. Saturday and go until 4 p.m. The event is free, but be sure to register ahead of time at roundhouseaquarium.org .

2. Go gardening in San Pedro Give back to the land by planting native species, removing weeds, mulching and watering the White Point Nature Preserve’s garden with the folks at Palos Verdes Peninsula Land Conservancy. You’ll also have the chance to enter a raffle and take a guided nature walk. As a bonus, refreshments will be provided by Starbucks to keep you cool and hydrated. The three-hour event begins at 9 a.m. Saturday. All volunteers under age 16 should be accompanied by an adult, and all volunteers under age 18 must have a parent or guardian sign a waiver at the event. Register at pvplc.com .

3. Stretch your legs on Venice Boulevard CicLAvia is back. And this time it’s shutting down a 5.75-mile stretch of Venice Boulevard that connects Palms, Mar Vista and Venice Beach for walkers, joggers, bikers, roller skaters, unicyclers, penny-farthings, pogo sticks — anything as long as it’s completely powered by humans. There will be three local hubs along the route where you’ll be able to partake in family-friendly activities, pump air into your bike’s tires, refill your water bottle and use the restroom. Be sure to reference CicLAvia’s digital map so you can scope out the local businesses you’d like to visit along the way. It all takes place from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. Sunday. For more information about the event and the area it covers, visit ciclavia.org .

The must-read

The Klamath River in Northern California has turned brown and muddy, but that’s a good thing. As Times writer Ian James reports , it’s a side effect of the largest dam removal project in history, which aims to restore the river to its natural state. Four dams are being removed along the Klamath, and the river is passing freely through tunnels in three of them, draining reservoirs and churning up an estimated 2.3 million tons of sediment that had settled along the bottom of those man-made lakes. Although the turbid water might look ugly, restoration advocates and tribal leaders see it as a sign of healing. The muck is passing out of the Klamath, and new life — everything from salmon heading upstream to native plant seedlings along the riverbanks — will soon take its place.

Happy adventuring,

Want to try birding but don’t have binoculars? Head to the Audubon Center in Ernest E. Debs Regional Park. The center is open from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. Thursday through Sunday, and you can borrow a free pair of binoculars (as well as a birding guide, backpack and other gear) to help you spot the 140 species of birds that call the park home.

For more insider tips on Southern California’s beaches, trails and parks, check out past editions of The Wild . And to view this newsletter in your browser, click here .

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We’ll help you find the best places to hike, bike and run, as well as the perfect silent spots for meditation and yoga.

Michael Charboneau is a freelance writer covering gear and the outdoors, and he’ll be writing The Wild newsletter for the next few months. He has written for a variety of publications, including Men’s Journal, Runner’s World and InsideHook, and he lives in West L.A. When he’s not writing, he can be found running, hiking and biking around Los Angeles and its mountains.

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Former Buccaneers Offensive Lineman Recalls Tom Brady Incentive in Tampa Bay

If you played well blocking for Tom Brady, he was sure to reward you for it.

• Author: River Wells

In this story:

The Tom Brady era for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers was great for fans, resulting in a Super Bowl and two subsequent playoff runs. And apparently, if you were one of his offensive linemen, it was great for you, too.

Former Tampa Bay Buccaneers guard Ali Marpet recently spoke on the Wam Bam podcast in December, and while doing so, dropped an interesting anecdote. At one point during his tenure with Tom Brady, Brady grew weary of the team's unsuccessful screen game and pulled the linemen to the side to give them some extra incentive.

“[Brady] took our starting offensive line to the side and he’s like, ‘Hey, if you guys can get a screen to go for more than 15 yards, I will give you $1,000 cash each,'" Marpet said. "‘That is for you guys; so every time that we get that, I will be happy to make that payment.'"

That kind of thing certainly works as a motivator, and although Marpet declined to say exactly when this happened, he did reveal that it helped in getting the offensive line back on track and making the screen game flourish once again.

"There were definitely multiple 15,” Marpet said. "So those kinds of things. Again, Tom just knowing how guys are wired and what goes a long way and inspiring and getting the most out of his guys."

Marpet retired after the 2021 NFL season, and Brady retired one season later. Even still, it's always interesting to hear anecdotes of his time in Tampa Bay, and it seems as if playing well for him would turn out great for everyone on the roster — in more ways than one.

Stick with  BucsGameday  for more coverage of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers throughout the 2024 offseason.

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‘conan o’brien must go’: where to watch the new travel series online.

The former late night host is on a mission to meet his fans from all around the world.

By Rudie Obias

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After his appearance on the Hot Ones web series and his return to NBC’s Tonight Show as Jimmy Fallon’s guest, Conan O’Brien is back on TV with his new travel series, Conan O’Brien Must Go .

All four episodes of Conan O’Brien Must Go are available to stream online starting today. You can watch the travel series with a subscription to Max .

At a glance:  How to watch   Conan O’Brien Must Go online

• Release date:  April 18
• Stream online :  Max
• No. of episodes : 4

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'conan o'brien must go' review: conan's max travel series is smartly stupid fun, jean smart to receive the hollywood reporter's trailblazer award at the seattle international film festival.

The new travel series is receiving mostly positive reviews. “ Conan O’Brien Must Go  is a smartly dumb show — or a stupidly smart show — focused (loosely) on what is essential about travel,” Hollywood Reporter chief TV critic Daniel Fienberg writes in his review . “It’s a series about arriving in a new place open to meeting new people, learning new languages, tasting new foods and experiencing uncomfortable new circumstances … and then making fun of them, when all the while you’re mostly mocking yourself and the fears people have about stepping outside of their comfort zones.”

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Star trek: discovery’s biggest future mystery is finally answered.

Star Trek: Discovery season 5, episode 4's time travel finally answers one of the show's oldest questions about "Calypso" from Star Trek: Short Treks.

WARNING: Contains SPOILERS For Star Trek: Discovery season 5, episode 4, "Face the Strange." ​​​​

• Star Trek: Discovery finally connects the dots between the show and the Short Treks episode "Calypso."
• "Face the Strange" explores time loops and a Breen attack that destroys the Federation.
• Star Trek: Discovery season 5, episode 4 sets Star Trek: Short Treks' "Calypso" in an alternate future timeline.

Star Trek: Discovery finally answered one of the show's biggest mysteries about the Star Trek: Short Treks episode "Calypso." In its fifth and final season, Discovery has incorporated more references and connections to past Star Trek than any previous season. Following a classic Star Trek plot, Star Trek: Discovery season 5, episode 4 , "Face the Strange" finds Captain Michael Burnham (Sonequa Martin-Green), Commander Rayner (Callum Keith Rennie), and Commander Paul Stamets (Anthony Rapp) stuck in a time loop caused by Moll (Eve Harlow) and L'ak (Elias Toufexis) that shockingly connects to the Short Trek "Calypso."

Written by Sean Cochran and directed by Lee Rose, "Face the Strange" reflects on Star Trek: Discovery's history and how much the characters have changed since Discovery's earliest seasons . Since Burnham and Rayner were transporting just as the time jumping began, they remain aware that they are in a time loop, as does Stamets, due to his Tardigrade DNA. As Burnham, Stamets, and Rayner try to determine the cause of their time jumping, they visit Discovery's past, present, and future. In one of the jumps, Burnham and Rayner end up on the empty USS Discovery first seen in Star Trek: Short Treks season 1, episode 2, "Calypso."

9 Star Trek Characters Who Can Hide Discovery Season 5 Treasure Hunt Clues

Star trek: discovery finally answers short trek’s “calypso” mystery, captain burnham and commander rayner jump to 3218, 27 years after discovery season 5..

In Star Trek: Short Treks' "Calypso," a human soldier named Craft (Aldis Hodge) is rescued from his escape pod by the USS Discovery's sentient computer, Zora (Annabelle Wallis). Zora reveals that she has been alone for nearly a thousand years and has spent the time evolving herself. Zora falls in love with Craft, and the two connect over old movies, particularly 1957's Funny Face. Craft eventually makes the difficult decision to use Discovery's lone warp-capable shuttlecraft to attempt the long journey back to his home, unsure if the shuttle will even make it that far.

Zora shows Burnham and Rayner the wreckage of the destroyed Federation headquarters, telling them they must find a way out of the time loop to prevent this future from happening.

Star Trek: Discovery 's season 5, episode 4 finally reveals that the USS Discovery ended up abandoned in "Calypso" because of Star Trek: Trek: Deep Space Nine 's villains, the Breen . When Burnham and Rayner jump to a point about thirty years into their future, they follow the sound of old show tunes to Discovery's empty bridge. A surprised Zora reveals that, in this timeline, the Breen acquired the Progenitors' technology and used it to attack the Federation. Zora shows Burnham and Rayner the wreckage of the destroyed Federation headquarters, telling them they must find a way out of the time loop to prevent this future from happening.

Captain Burnham and Commander Rayner visit Zora in 3218, 27 years after the events of Star Trek: Discovery season 5 in 3191.

Short Trek’s “Calypso” Will Never Happen After Star Trek: Discovery Season 5

Captain burnham and her crew will ensure the breen never get the progenitor technology..

It's unlikely Star Trek: Discovery will end with the destruction of the Federation, and it's safe to assume that Captain Burnham and the USS Discovery's crew will find the Progenitors' treasure and prevent the Breen attack. This means that the Federation will not be destroyed, the Discovery crew won't be killed by the Breen, and Zora will not be abandoned for a thousand years. Star Trek: Short Treks' "Calypso," then, takes place in an alternate timeline where the Federation lost, and the events of Star Trek: Discovery season 5 will render that potential future - and "Calypso" - null and void within Star Trek 's Prime Timeline.

"Calypso" taking place in an alternate future also helps explain any discrepancies between the Short Treks episode and Star Trek: Discovery.

Star Trek has played with alternate timelines before (most notably with J.J. Abrams' Kelvin timeline Star Trek movies ). Zora and Craft will still have their moment in another reality, but one that is not part of the Prime Universe Star Trek timeline. "Face the Strange" feels like classic Star Trek in the best way, and though Discovery season 5's writers did not know about the show's cancelation, it already feels like they are tying up loose ends. Thankfully, Star Trek: Discovery finally addressed Zora and the USS Discovery's future in "Calypso." It's great to have the answer, at last, that the events of Star Trek: Discovery season 5 set Star Trek: Short Treks' "Calypso" in an alternate future.

New episodes of Star Trek: Discovery stream Thursdays on Paramount+.

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Critic’s Pick

‘Civil War’ Review: We Have Met the Enemy and It Is Us. Again.

In Alex Garland’s tough new movie, a group of journalists led by Kirsten Dunst, as a photographer, travels a United States at war with itself.

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‘Civil War’ | Anatomy of a Scene

The writer and director alex garland narrates a sequence from his film..

“My name is Alex Garland and I’m the writer director of ‘Civil War’. So this particular clip is roughly around the halfway point of the movie and it’s these four journalists and they’re trying to get, in a very circuitous route, from New York to DC, and encountering various obstacles on the way. And this is one of those obstacles. What they find themselves stuck in is a battle between two snipers. And they are close to one of the snipers and the other sniper is somewhere unseen, but presumably in a large house that sits over a field and a hill. It’s a surrealist exchange and it’s surrounded by some very surrealist imagery, which is they’re, in broad daylight in broad sunshine, there’s no indication that we’re anywhere near winter in the filming. In fact, you can kind of tell it’s summer. But they’re surrounded by Christmas decorations. And in some ways, the Christmas decorations speak of a country, which is in disrepair, however silly it sounds. If you haven’t put away your Christmas decorations, clearly something isn’t going right.” “What’s going on?” “Someone in that house, they’re stuck. We’re stuck.” “And there’s a bit of imagery. It felt like it hit the right note. But the interesting thing about that imagery was that it was not production designed. We didn’t create it. We actually literally found it. We were driving along and we saw all of these Christmas decorations, basically exactly as they are in the film. They were about 100 yards away, just piled up by the side of the road. And it turned out, it was a guy who’d put on a winter wonderland festival. People had not dug his winter wonderland festival, and he’d gone bankrupt. And he had decided just to leave everything just strewn around on a farmer’s field, who was then absolutely furious. So in a way, there’s a loose parallel, which is the same implication that exists within the film exists within real life.” “You don’t understand a word I say. Yo. What’s over there in that house?” “Someone shooting.” “It’s to do with the fact that when things get extreme, the reasons why things got extreme no longer become relevant and the knife edge of the problem is all that really remains relevant. So it doesn’t actually matter, as it were, in this context, what side they’re fighting for or what the other person’s fighting for. It’s just reduced to a survival.”

By Manohla Dargis

A blunt, gut-twisting work of speculative fiction, “Civil War” opens with the United States at war with itself — literally, not just rhetorically. In Washington, D.C., the president is holed up in the White House; in a spookily depopulated New York, desperate people wait for water rations. It’s the near-future, and rooftop snipers, suicide bombers and wild-eyed randos are in the fight while an opposition faction with a two-star flag called the Western Forces, comprising Texas and California — as I said, this is speculative fiction — is leading the charge against what remains of the federal government. If you’re feeling triggered, you aren’t alone.

It’s mourning again in America, and it’s mesmerizingly, horribly gripping. Filled with bullets, consuming fires and terrific actors like Kirsten Dunst running for cover, the movie is a what-if nightmare stoked by memories of Jan. 6. As in what if the visions of some rioters had been realized, what if the nation was again broken by Civil War, what if the democratic experiment called America had come undone? If that sounds harrowing, you’re right. It’s one thing when a movie taps into childish fears with monsters under the bed; you’re eager to see what happens because you know how it will end (until the sequel). Adult fears are another matter.

In “Civil War,” the British filmmaker Alex Garland explores the unbearable if not the unthinkable, something he likes to do. A pop cultural savant, he made a splashy zeitgeist-ready debut with his 1996 best seller “The Beach,” a novel about a paradise that proves deadly, an evergreen metaphor for life and the basis for a silly film . That things in the world are not what they seem, and are often far worse, is a theme that Garland has continued pursuing in other dark fantasies, first as a screenwriter (“ 28 Days Later ”), and then as a writer-director (“ Ex Machina ”). His résumé is populated with zombies, clones and aliens, though reliably it is his outwardly ordinary characters you need to keep a closer watch on.

By the time “Civil War” opens, the fight has been raging for an undisclosed period yet long enough to have hollowed out cities and people’s faces alike. It’s unclear as to why the war started or who fired the first shot. Garland does scatter some hints; in one ugly scene, a militia type played by a jolting, scarily effective Jesse Plemons asks captives “what kind of American” they are. Yet whatever divisions preceded the conflict are left to your imagination, at least partly because Garland assumes you’ve been paying attention to recent events. Instead, he presents an outwardly and largely post-ideological landscape in which debates over policies, politics and American exceptionalism have been rendered moot by war.

‘Civil War’ Is Designed to Disturb You

One thing that remains familiar amid these ruins is the movie’s old-fashioned faith in journalism. Dunst, who’s sensational, plays Lee, a war photographer who works for Reuters alongside her friend, a reporter, Joel (the charismatic Wagner Moura). They’re in New York when you meet them, milling through a crowd anxiously waiting for water rations next to a protected tanker. It’s a fraught scene; the restless crowd is edging into mob panic, and Lee, camera in hand, is on high alert. As Garland’s own camera and Joel skitter about, Lee carves a path through the chaos, as if she knows exactly where she needs to be — and then a bomb goes off. By the time it does, an aspiring photojournalist, Jessie (Cailee Spaeny), is also in the mix.

The streamlined, insistently intimate story takes shape once Lee, Joel, Jessie and a veteran reporter, Sammy (Stephen McKinley Henderson), pile into a van and head to Washington. Joel and Lee are hoping to interview the president (Nick Offerman), and Sammy and Jessie are riding along largely so that Garland can make the trip more interesting. Sammy serves as a stabilizing force (Henderson fills the van with humanizing warmth), while Jessie plays the eager upstart Lee takes under her resentful wing. It’s a tidily balanced sampling that the actors, with Garland’s banter and via some cozy downtime, turn into flesh-and-blood personalities, people whose vulnerability feeds the escalating tension with each mile.

As the miles and hours pass, Garland adds diversions and hurdles, including a pair of playful colleagues, Tony and Bohai (Nelson Lee and Evan Lai), and some spooky dudes guarding a gas station. Garland shrewdly exploits the tense emptiness of the land, turning strangers into potential threats and pretty country roads into ominously ambiguous byways. Smartly, he also recurrently focuses on Lee’s face, a heartbreakingly hard mask that Dunst lets slip brilliantly. As the journey continues, Garland further sketches in the bigger picture — the dollar is near-worthless, the F.B.I. is gone — but for the most part, he focuses on his travelers and the engulfing violence, the smoke and the tracer fire that they often don’t notice until they do.

Despite some much-needed lulls (for you, for the narrative rhythm), “Civil War” is unremittingly brutal or at least it feels that way. Many contemporary thrillers are far more overtly gruesome than this one, partly because violence is one way unimaginative directors can put a distinctive spin on otherwise interchangeable material: Cue the artful fountains of arterial spray. Part of what makes the carnage here feel incessant and palpably realistic is that Garland, whose visual approach is generally unfussy, doesn’t embellish the violence, turning it into an ornament of his virtuosity. Instead, the violence is direct, at times shockingly casual and unsettling, so much so that its unpleasantness almost comes as a surprise.

If the violence feels more intense than in a typical genre shoot ’em up, it’s also because, I think, with “Civil War,” Garland has made the movie that’s long been workshopped in American political discourse and in mass culture, and which entered wider circulation on Jan. 6. The raw power of Garland’s vision unquestionably owes much to the vivid scenes that beamed across the world that day when rioters, some wearing T-shirts emblazoned with “ MAGA civil war ,” swarmed the Capitol. Even so, watching this movie, I also flashed on other times in which Americans have relitigated the Civil War directly and not, on the screen and in the streets.

Movies have played a role in that relitigation for more than a century, at times grotesquely. Two of the most famous films in history — D.W. Griffith’s 1915 racist epic “The Birth of a Nation” (which became a Ku Klux Klan recruitment tool) and the romantic 1939 melodrama “Gone With the Wind” — are monuments to white supremacy and the myth of the Southern Lost Cause. Both were critical and popular hits. In the decades since, filmmakers have returned to the Civil War era to tell other stories in films like “Glory,” “Lincoln” and “Django Unchained” that in addressing the American past inevitably engage with its present.

There are no lofty or reassuring speeches in “Civil War,” and the movie doesn’t speak to the better angels of our nature the way so many films try to. Hollywood’s longstanding, deeply American imperative for happy endings maintains an iron grip on movies, even in ostensibly independent productions. There’s no such possibility for that in “Civil War.” The very premise of Garland’s movie means that — no matter what happens when or if Lee and the rest reach Washington — a happy ending is impossible, which makes this very tough going. Rarely have I seen a movie that made me so acutely uncomfortable or watched an actor’s face that, like Dunst’s, expressed a nation’s soul-sickness so vividly that it felt like an X-ray.

Civil War Rated R for war violence and mass death. Running time: 1 hour 49 minutes. In theaters.

An earlier version of this review misidentified an organization in the Civil War in the movie. It is the Western Forces, not the Western Front.

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Manohla Dargis is the chief film critic for The Times. More about Manohla Dargis

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Measles — United States, January 1, 2020–March 28, 2024

Weekly / April 11, 2024 / 73(14);295–300

Adria D. Mathis, MSPH 1 ; Kelley Raines, MPH 1 ; Nina B. Masters, PhD 1 ; Thomas D. Filardo, MD 1 ; Gimin Kim, MS 1 ; Stephen N. Crooke, PhD 1 ; Bettina Bankamp, PhD 1 ; Paul A. Rota, PhD 1 ; David E. Sugerman, MD 1 ( View author affiliations )

What is already known about this topic?

Although endemic U.S. measles was declared eliminated in 2000, measles importations continue to occur. Prolonged outbreaks during 2019 threatened the U.S. measles elimination status.

What is added by this report?

During January 1, 2020–March 28, 2024, a total of 338 U.S. measles cases were reported; 29% of these cases occurred during the first quarter of 2024, almost all in persons who were unvaccinated or whose vaccination status was unknown. As of the end of 2023, U.S. measles elimination status was maintained.

What are the implications for public health practice?

Risk for widespread U.S. measles transmission remains low because of high population immunity. Enhanced efforts are needed to increase routine U.S. vaccination coverage, encourage vaccination before international travel, identify communities at risk for measles transmission, and rapidly investigate suspected measles cases to reduce cases and complications of measles.

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Measles is a highly infectious febrile rash illness and was declared eliminated in the United States in 2000. However, measles importations continue to occur, and U.S. measles elimination status was threatened in 2019 as the result of two prolonged outbreaks among undervaccinated communities in New York and New York City. To assess U.S. measles elimination status after the 2019 outbreaks and to provide context to understand more recent increases in measles cases, CDC analyzed epidemiologic and laboratory surveillance data and the performance of the U.S. measles surveillance system after these outbreaks. During January 1, 2020–March 28, 2024, CDC was notified of 338 confirmed measles cases; 97 (29%) of these cases occurred during the first quarter of 2024, representing a more than seventeenfold increase over the mean number of cases reported during the first quarter of 2020–2023. Among the 338 reported cases, the median patient age was 3 years (range = 0–64 years); 309 (91%) patients were unvaccinated or had unknown vaccination status, and 336 case investigations included information on ≥80% of critical surveillance indicators. During 2020–2023, the longest transmission chain lasted 63 days. As of the end of 2023, because of the absence of sustained measles virus transmission for 12 consecutive months in the presence of a well-performing surveillance system, U.S. measles elimination status was maintained. Risk for widespread U.S. measles transmission remains low because of high population immunity. However, because of the increase in cases during the first quarter of 2024, additional activities are needed to increase U.S. routine measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination coverage, especially among close-knit and undervaccinated communities. These activities include encouraging vaccination before international travel and rapidly investigating suspected measles cases.

Introduction

Measles is a highly infectious acute, febrile rash illness with a >90% secondary attack rate among susceptible contacts ( 1 ). High national 2-dose coverage with the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine led to the declaration of U.S. measles elimination* in 2000 ( 2 ). However, this elimination status was threatened in 2019 because of two prolonged outbreaks among undervaccinated communities in New York and New York City; these outbreaks accounted for 29% of all reported cases during 2001–2019 ( 2 ). To assess U.S. measles elimination status after the 2019 outbreaks and to provide context for understanding more recent increases in measles cases in 2024, † CDC assessed the epidemiologic and laboratory-based surveillance of measles in the United States and the performance of the U.S. measles surveillance system during January 1, 2020–March 28, 2024.

Reporting and Classification of Measles Cases

Confirmed measles cases § ( 1 ) are reported to CDC by state health departments through the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System and directly (by email or telephone) to the National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. Measles cases are classified by the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists as import-associated if they were internationally imported, epidemiologically linked to an imported case, or had viral genetic evidence of an imported measles genotype ( 1 ); cases with no epidemiologic or virologic link to an imported case are classified as having an unknown source ( 1 ). For this analysis, unique sequences were defined as those differing by at least one nucleotide in the N-450 sequence (the 450 nucleotides encoding the carboxyl-terminal 150 nucleoprotein amino acids) based on the standard World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations for describing sequence variants ¶ ( 3 ). Unvaccinated patients were classified as eligible for vaccination if they were not vaccinated according to Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommendations ( 4 ). A well-performing surveillance system was defined as one with ≥80% of cases meeting each of the following three criteria: classified as import-associated, reported with complete information on at least eight of 10 critical surveillance indicators (i.e., place of residence, sex, age, occurrence of fever and rash, date of rash onset, vaccination status, travel history, hospitalization, transmission setting, and whether the case was outbreak-related) ( 5 ), and laboratory-confirmed.

Assessment of Chains of Transmission

Cases were classified into chains of transmission on the basis of known epidemiologic linkages: isolated (single) cases, two-case chains (two epidemiologically linked cases), and outbreaks (three or more epidemiologically linked cases). The potential for missed cases within two-case chains and outbreaks was assessed by measuring the interval between measles rash onset dates in each chain; chains with more than one maximum incubation period (21 days) between cases could indicate a missing case in the chain. This activity was reviewed by CDC, deemed not research, and was conducted consistent with applicable federal law and CDC policy.**

Reported Measles Cases and Outbreaks

CDC was notified of 338 confirmed measles cases with rash onset during January 1, 2020–March 28, 2024 ( Figure ); cases occurred in 30 jurisdictions. During 2020, 12 of 13 cases preceded the commencement of COVID-19 mitigation efforts in March 2020. Among the 170 cases reported during 2021 and 2022, 133 (78%) were associated with distinct outbreaks: 47 (96%) of 49 cases in 2021 occurred among Afghan evacuees temporarily housed at U.S. military bases during Operation Allies Welcome, and 86 (71%) of 121 cases in 2022 were associated with an outbreak in central Ohio. During 2023, 28 (48%) of 58 cases were associated with four outbreaks. As of March 28, 2024, a total of 97 cases have been reported in 2024, representing 29% of all 338 measles cases reported during January 1, 2020–March 28, 2024, and more than a seventeenfold increase over the mean number of cases reported during the first quarter of 2020–2023 (five cases).

Characteristics of Reported Measles Cases

The median patient age was 3 years (range = 0–64 years); more than one half of cases (191; 58%) occurred in persons aged 16 months–19 years ( Table ). Overall, 309 (91%) patients were unvaccinated (68%) or had unknown vaccination status (23%); 29 (9%) had previously received ≥1 MMR vaccine dose. Among the 309 cases among unvaccinated persons or persons with unknown vaccination status, 259 (84%) patients were eligible for vaccination, 40 (13%) were aged 6–11 months and therefore not recommended for routine MMR vaccination, and 10 (3%) were ineligible for MMR because they were aged <6 months. †† Among 155 (46%) hospitalized measles patients, 109 (70%) cases occurred in persons aged <5 years; 142 (92%) hospitalized patients were unvaccinated or had unknown vaccination status. No measles-associated deaths were reported to CDC.

Imported Measles Cases

Among all 338 cases, 326 (96%) were associated with an importation; 12 (4%) had an unknown source. Among the 326 import-associated cases, 200 (61%) occurred among U.S. residents who were eligible for vaccination but who were unvaccinated or whose vaccination status was unknown. Among 93 (28%) measles cases that were directly imported from other countries, 34 (37%) occurred in foreign visitors, and 59 (63%) occurred in U.S. residents, 53 (90%) of whom were eligible for vaccination but were unvaccinated or whose vaccination status was unknown. One (2%) case in a U.S. resident occurred in a person too young for vaccination, two (3%) in persons who had previously received 1 MMR vaccine dose, and three (5%) in persons who had previously received 2 MMR vaccine doses. The most common source for internationally imported cases during the study period were the Eastern Mediterranean (48) and African (24) WHO regions. During the first quarter of 2024, a total of six internationally imported cases were reported from the European and South-East Asia WHO regions, representing a 50% increase over the mean number of importations from these regions during 2020–2023 (mean of two importations per year from each region).

Surveillance Quality Indicators

Overall, all but two of the 338 case investigations included information on ≥80% of the critical surveillance indicators; those two case investigations included information on 70% of critical surveillance indicators. Date of first case report to a health department was available for 219 (65%) case investigations; 127 (58%) cases were reported to health departments on or before the day of rash onset (IQR = 4 days before to 3 days after). Overall, 314 (93%) measles cases were laboratory confirmed, including 16 (5%) by immunoglobulin M (serologic) testing alone and 298 (95%) by real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). Among 298 rRT-PCR–positive specimens, 221 (74%) were successfully genotyped: 177 (80%) were genotype B3, and 44 (20%) were genotype D8. Twenty-two distinct sequence identifiers (DSIds) ( 3 ) for genotype B3 and 13 DSIds for genotype D8 were detected (Supplementary Figure, https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/152776 ). The longest period of detection for any DSId was 15 weeks (DSId 8346).

Chains of Transmission

The 338 measles cases were categorized into 92 transmission chains (Table); 62 (67%) were isolated cases, 10 (11%) were two-case chains, and 20 (22%) were outbreaks of three or more cases. Seven (35%) of 20 outbreaks occurred during 2024. §§ The median outbreak size was six cases (range = three–86 cases) and median duration of transmission was 20 days (range = 6–63 days). Among the 30 two-case chains and outbreaks, more than one maximum incubation period (21 days) did not elapse between any two cases.

Because of the absence of endemic measles virus transmission for 12 consecutive months in the presence of a well-performing surveillance system, as of the end of 2023, measles elimination has been maintained in the United States. U.S. measles elimination reduces the number of cases, deaths, and costs that would occur if endemic measles transmission were reestablished. Investigation of almost all U.S. measles cases reported since January 2020 were import-associated, included complete information on critical surveillance variables, were laboratory-confirmed by rRT-PCR, and underwent genotyping; these findings indicate that the U.S. measles surveillance system is performing well. A variety of transmission chain sizes were detected, including isolated cases, suggesting that sustained measles transmission would be rapidly detected. However, the rapid increase in the number of reported measles cases during the first quarter of 2024 represents a renewed threat to elimination.

Most measles importations were cases among persons traveling to and from countries in the Eastern Mediterranean and African WHO regions; these regions experienced the highest reported measles incidence among all WHO regions during 2021–2022 ( 6 ). During November 2022–October 2023, the number of countries reporting large or disruptive outbreaks increased by 123%, from 22 to 49. Global estimates suggest that first-dose measles vaccination coverage had declined from 86% in 2019 to 83% in 2022, leaving almost 22 million children aged <1 year susceptible to measles ( 6 ).

As has been the case in previous postelimination years ( 7 ), most imported measles cases occurred among unvaccinated U.S. residents. Increasing global measles incidence and decreasing vaccination coverage will increase the risk for importations into U.S. communities, as has been observed during the first quarter of 2024, further supporting CDC’s recommendation for persons to receive MMR vaccine before international travel ( 4 ).

Maintaining high national and local MMR vaccination coverage remains central to sustaining measles elimination. Risk for widespread U.S. measles transmission remains low because of high population immunity; however, national 2-dose MMR vaccination coverage has remained below the Healthy People 2030 target of 95% (the estimated population-level immunity necessary to prevent sustained measles transmission) ( 8 ) for 3 consecutive years, leaving approximately 250,000 kindergarten children susceptible to measles each year ( 9 ). Furthermore, 2-dose MMR vaccination coverage estimates in 12 states and the District of Columbia were <90%, and during the 2022–23 school year, exemption rates among kindergarten children exceeded 5% in 10 states ( 9 ). Clusters of unvaccinated persons placed communities at risk for large outbreaks, as occurred during the central Ohio outbreak in 2022: 94% of measles patients were unvaccinated and 42% were hospitalized ( 10 ). Monitoring MMR vaccination coverage at county and zip code levels could help public health agencies identify undervaccinated communities for targeted interventions to improve vaccination coverage while preparing for possible measles outbreaks. As of March 28, 2024, a total of 97 confirmed measles cases have been reported in the United States in 2024, compared with a mean of five cases during the first quarter of each year during 2020–2023. Similar to cases reported during 2020–2023, most cases reported during 2024 occurred among patients aged <20 years who were unvaccinated or whose vaccination status was unknown, and were associated with an importation. Rapid detection of cases, prompt implementation of control measures, and maintenance of high national measles vaccination coverage, including improving coverage in undervaccinated populations, is essential to preventing measles and its complications and to maintaining U.S. elimination status.

Limitations

The findings in this report are subject to at least three limitations. First, importations might have been underreported: 4% of reported cases during the study period had no known source. Second, case investigations resulting in discarded measles cases (i.e., a diagnosis of measles excluded) are not nationally reportable, which limits the ability to directly evaluate the sensitivity of measles case investigations. However, surveillance remains sufficiently sensitive to detect isolated cases and outbreaks, and robust molecular epidemiology provides further evidence supporting the absence of sustained measles transmission in the United States. Finally, the date of first case report to a health department was not available for 35% of case investigations.

Implications for Public Health Practice

The U.S. measles elimination status will continue to be threatened by global increases in measles incidence and decreases in global, national, and local measles vaccination coverage. Because of high population immunity, the risk of widespread measles transmission in the United States remains low; however, efforts are needed to increase routine MMR vaccination coverage, encourage vaccination before international travel, identify communities at risk for measles transmission, and rapidly investigate suspected measles cases to maintain elimination.

Corresponding author: Adria D. Mathis, [email protected] .

1 Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC.

All authors have completed and submitted the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. Stephen N. Crooke reports institutional support from PATH. No other potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.

* Elimination is defined as the absence of endemic measles virus transmission in a defined geographic area for ≥12 months in the presence of a well-performing surveillance system.

† https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/2024/han00504.asp

§ A confirmed measles case was defined as an acute febrile rash illness with laboratory confirmation or direct epidemiologic linkage to a laboratory-confirmed case. Laboratory confirmation was defined as detection of measles virus–specific nucleic acid from a clinical specimen using real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction or a positive serologic test for measles immunoglobulin M antibody.

¶ Genotyping was performed at CDC and at the Vaccine Preventable Disease Reference Centers of the Association of Public Health Laboratories.

** 45 C.F.R. part 46.102(l)(2), 21 C.F.R. part 56; 42 U.S.C. Sect. 241(d); 5 U.S.C. Sect. 552a; 44 U.S.C. Sect. 3501 et seq.

†† MMR vaccine is not licensed for use in persons aged <6 months.

§§ At the time of this report, six measles outbreaks have ended, and one outbreak is ongoing. A measles outbreak is considered to be over when no new cases have been identified during two incubation periods (42 days) since the rash onset in the last outbreak-related case.

• Gastañaduy PA, Redd SB, Clemmons NS, et al. Measles [Chapter 7]. In: Manual for the surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2023. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/surv-manual/chpt07-measles.html
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FIGURE . Confirmed measles cases, by month of rash onset (N = 338) — United States, January 1, 2020–March 28, 2024

Abbreviations: IgM = immunoglobulin M; rRT-PCR = real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction; WHO = World Health Organization. * A case resulting from exposure to measles virus outside the United States as evidenced by at least some of the exposure period (7–21 days before rash onset) occurring outside the United States and rash onset occurring within 21 days of entering the United States without known exposure to measles during that time. † A case in a transmission chain epidemiologically linked to an internationally imported case. § A case for which an epidemiologic link to an internationally imported case was not identified, but for which viral sequence data indicate an imported measles genotype (i.e., a genotype that is not detected in the United States with a pattern indicative of endemic transmission). ¶ A case for which an epidemiologic or virologic link to importation or to endemic transmission within the United States cannot be established after a thorough investigation. ** Percentage is percentage of international importations. Four cases among persons who traveled to both the Eastern Mediterranean and African regions and one case in a person who traveled to both the Eastern Mediterranean and European regions were counted twice. †† Place of residence, sex, age or date of birth, fever and rash, date of rash onset, vaccination status, travel history, hospitalization, transmission setting, and whether the case was outbreak related. §§ Includes 65 cases among patients who received both positive rRT-PCR and positive IgM results. ¶¶ Percentage is percentage of total chains.

Suggested citation for this article: Mathis AD, Raines K, Masters NB, et al. Measles — United States, January 1, 2020–March 28, 2024. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2024;73:295–300. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7314a1 .

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