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Here Are the Rules for Flying When You're Pregnant

Whether you're newly pregnant or planning a babymoon right before welcoming your baby, here's what parents-to-be need to know about airline travel during each trimester.

Expectant parents need to know: Can you fly when pregnant?

While it's mostly OK to travel until the last few weeks of pregnancy, there are some precautions to take depending on when you decide to book a trip and how high risk your pregnancy is. Here's what you need to know before your next vacation.

Pregnancy and Flying: Your Trimester by Trimester Guide

As a general rule of thumb, most airlines will allow pregnant people to fly right up until week 36 of pregnancy, but you should absolutely do your research before booking your flight to check restrictions. You'll also want to consult with your OB-GYN or midwife before traveling—especially if you're at a higher risk for complications during pregnancy.

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Before you travel

While you may be accustomed to planning a vacation on a whim or only packing your usual necessities, there's one extra thing you should consider doing before booking a flight during your pregnancy: Opt for travel insurance.

Should travel restrictions change, your health care provider recommends you stay home, or if you experience any concerning symptoms —like bleeding, abdominal pain, swelling, headaches, vision changes, or decreased fetal movement—you'll want to postpone or cancel your plans and see your doctor as soon as possible.

According to the ACOG, travel is not recommended for pregnant people with certain complications like preeclampsia, premature rupture of membranes (PROM), or who are at risk of preterm labor.

First trimester

Flying earlier on in pregnancy is actually considered pretty safe. And, no, metal detectors won't harm your fetus.

"Pregnant women can observe the same basic precautions for air travel as the general public," Raul Artal, M.D., former vice chairman of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) Committee on Obstetric Practice, previously told Parents .

One thing pregnant air travelers should take extra precautions to avoid at any trimester? Blood clots, which pregnant people are 7 times more likely to develop—especially during long flights. To help minimize your risk, you can book an aisle seat, walk around every so often, and wiggle your legs and toes while seated.

And since morning sickness and fatigue might be your biggest first trimester complaints, you may want to check with your health care provider about bringing anti-nausea medicine with you.

Second trimester

According to the ACOG, "The best time to travel is mid-pregnancy (14 to 28 weeks). During these weeks, your energy has returned, morning sickness is improved or gone, and you are still able to get around easily. After 28 weeks , it may be harder to move around or sit for a long time."

If you're flying during your second trimester, it's a good idea to stay hydrated, think about wearing support stockings to reduce edema and clot risk, and make sure you've done your research on hospitals located near your destination should an emergency arise.

Carrying twins or more? Your health care provider might recommend you stop traveling earlier due to the higher risk of complications.

Third trimester

How late in pregnancy can you fly? If you're relatively healthy—and not at risk of complications like preterm labor, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, or placenta previa—then you're usually OK to travel up until 36 weeks, though some OB-GYNs may prefer you stay closer to your home near the end should you encounter any complications or in case your baby comes sooner than expected.

High-risk patients—and especially those with pregnancy-induced hypertension, diabetes, and sickle-cell disease—may be advised not to fly after 24 weeks—or not at all.

Check with your doctor before traveling at the end of your pregnancy.

Related Articles

Flying while pregnant? Here’s what you need to know

Editors note: This guide has been updated with the latest information.

During pregnancy, seemingly harmless things like eating deli meat and cleaning your cat's litter box are suddenly off-limits, along with more obvious restrictions on sports like skiing and scuba diving.

But what about "grey area" activities like flying in an airplane?

There's no single set of guidelines governing air travel during pregnancy and every airline has different restrictions, timelines and requirements. Some airlines may also require a medical certificate from a primary attending doctor or midwife for air travel during the final months of pregnancy, though even that varies, with U.S. airlines typically offering more flexibility than international carriers.

For more TPG news delivered each morning to your inbox, sign up for our daily newsletter .

In the absence of clear guidelines, TPG turned to Dr. Nithya Gopal , a board-certified OB-GYN physician and the Director of OB-GYN services at Viva Eve in New York City, for her expert recommendations on safe air travel during pregnancy.

Here's what she had to say:

Is it safe to fly when you are pregnant?

There is no evidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes due to flying, according to Dr. Gopal.

"The general consensus is that it is safest to fly in the first and second trimesters," Dr. Gopal told The Points Guy. "While the first and third trimesters tend to be when the most obstetric emergencies are going to happen, I personally become more cautious with my patients after 32 weeks because of the increased risk for premature labor and the possibility of needing urgent medical attention when you are in the sky."

The most important thing you can do, no matter how far along you are in your pregnancy, is to consult with your healthcare provider before flying.

"Any time you are planning to fly during pregnancy , you should be having that conversation," Dr. Gopal said. Your provider will be familiar with any safety precautions you should take to ensure a safe and healthy flight.

Related: Guide to flying in each trimester of pregnancy

The airline you are flying may have its own cutoff, so you will want to confirm with it beforehand whether you will be allowed to fly if you are in (or nearing) your third trimester. We've included a chart below that outlines the rules for most major airline carriers.

What can you do to stay comfortable on a flight?

When you factor in morning sickness and general pregnancy discomfort with the increased risk for blood clots that all fliers need to be aware of, flying during pregnancy can be uncomfortable even when it is deemed safe.

Dr. Gopal shared her recommendations for addressing these common issues when you take to the (baby-) friendly skies during pregnancy. Her number one tip for staying comfortable while in flight is to wear compression socks to help maintain blood flow and reduce swelling in the legs.

In addition, "I also tell my patients to get up and move at least every hour when they are on the plane," Dr. Gopal said.

To prevent clotting, "some doctors may also prescribe a low-dose aspirin," she added. "It isn't something that is recommended by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), but it isn't harmful, either."

If it's nausea or acid reflux that ail you, there are medications generally considered safe that you can take to alleviate your symptoms. These would be the same ones prescribed by your doctor for morning sickness, so speak with your provider before your flight to ensure you have what you need at the ready.

Dr. Gopal also advises wearing loose, unrestrictive clothing (along with your seatbelt, or course) and drinking extra fluids to counteract the pressurized air in the cabin and keep you hydrated.

"Over-the-counter Gas-X may also help with bloating that can happen as a result of the pressurized air," Dr. Gopal said.

Related: What happens when a baby is born in flight?

Must you speak with your healthcare provider before flying?

Even if your pregnancy is considered low-risk, it's always a smart idea to speak with your healthcare provider before flying. "There are a number of potential risks that go along with flying during pregnancy and those risks can change from week to week and month to month, so it's important to have that honest conversation with your doctor," Dr. Gopal said.

Related: Things You Should Do Before, During and After Flying to Stay Healthy

There are certain pregnancy conditions that may make flying more risky or unadvisable. If you are hypertensive, asthmatic or prone to clotting disorders, it's even more critical to speak with your doctor before flying.

Airline policies differ, but if you need documentation, it never hurts to include enough detail to satisfy the most stringent airline requirements.

"As with many things related to air travel, it's better to be safe than sorry," Dr. Gopal said. "It's definitely worth it, and sometimes necessary, to have medical documentation from your provider's office."

A thorough medical certificate or waiver should state:

• The number of weeks of pregnancy.
• The estimated delivery date.
• Whether the pregnancy is single or multiple.
• Whether there are any complications.
• That you are in good health and fit to travel through the date of your final flight.

Additionally, the certificate should be:

• Written on official clinic or hospital letterhead if possible.
• Signed by the doctor or attending midwife.
• Be dated no later than 72 hours before the departure date.
• Be written in clear, simple English.

Carry this certificate with you on your flight. Some airlines won't ask to see it, but others will. Some airlines also may have their own documentation requirements. See the chart below to find out which airlines require it.

Airline policies for pregnant women

Bottom line.

Even though it may be deemed safe, flying during pregnancy can be uncomfortable — and it is perfectly acceptable to implement your own cutoff for flying with your baby bump in tow. The majority of the time, though, flying is perfectly safe during pregnancy, providing that you follow the guidelines of the airline and your healthcare provider. Read on to learn more about traveling before, during and after pregnancy:

• What to expect in every trimester of pregnancy
• 4 tips for planning travel while planning a pregnancy
• Babymoon boom! These are the top 10 spots for a US getaway before the baby comes
• Flying with a baby checklist

Additional reporting by Katherine Fan and Tarah Chieffi.

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Safety of Air Travel During Pregnancy

E+ / Getty Images

Pregnancy was once seen as something that sent women to their homes once their bellies began to protrude (hence the term "confinement"). It was not considered appropriate for pregnant people to be seen in public.

Nowadays pregnancy rarely changes schedules, with the exception of high-risk pregnancies or other complications. People usually can continue their normal lives for the duration of the pregnancy, with minor exceptions (like knowing where all the bathrooms are!). Travel is no exception.

Travel is becoming more prevalent as families move further and further apart. Traveling for holidays, or as the last trip to see the family before the baby comes, or as a last romantic vacation, is not unusual. This includes out of the country travel and often air travel.

The Science on Pregnancy and Air Travel

For ethical reasons, there are not many studies on air travel and miscarriage rates. One 2015 study showed a slight increase in first-trimester miscarriage for flight attendants, but this was often associated with high physical job demands and disruptions to their sleep cycles.

In-flight radiation is also a slight risk for flight attendants. An estimated 2% of flight attendants are exposed to a solar particle event during their pregnancies, although the amount of radiation varies by length of time in the air, the routes flown, and so on. However, the risk to the average flier is negligible. The average 10-hour flight only exposes fliers to 0.05 mSv of radiation, or 1/1000th of the limit set by the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.

Precautions for Air Travel During Pregnancy

Flying is fairly safe while pregnant, even for flight attendants, with some minor adjustments. There are, however, some issues to bear in mind if you are pregnant and considering multiple, frequent, or very long flights:

• Air travel is extremely dehydrating. You'll need to drink a lot of water while in the air.
• Air travel requires that you sit still for long periods. If you're likely to experience cramps or other pregnancy-associated issues, you may be quite uncomfortable.
• Airplanes are not equipped to handle in-air birth or pregnancy-related complications . Even if your airline permits travel, you may simply be smarter to stay on the ground if you're close to giving birth or are experiencing any pregnancy-related issues.

There are some precautions that a pregnant traveler should consider:

• Talk to your practitioner before flying. If you are more than 36 weeks pregnant, many airlines will not let you fly for fear that you'll deliver on board.
• Try to do the majority of your traveling in the second trimester . Not only will you be more comfortable, but in general the risks of miscarriage and preterm labor are lower.
• Avoid excessive flying. Although there are no hard and fast numbers, one study found that flight attendants with higher miscarriage rates flew on average 74 hours per month.
• Make comfort arrangements. Try to get seats with more legroom, plan to walk in the aisles, anticipate bathroom breaks, and bring water.
• Avoid travel to countries that would require immunizations that you don't already have or are that are not considered safe for pregnancy. Talk to your practitioner for more info on immunizations during pregnancy, as some immunizations are considered appropriate while pregnant.
• Because pregnant people are more vulnerable to COVID-19, you may wish to avoid unnecessary travel, particularly to high-risk areas.

So remember, flying is not contraindicated in an uncomplicated pregnancy, but use your common sense and speak to your practitioner about your travel plans.

Grajewski B, Whelan EA, Lawson CC, et al. Miscarriage among flight attendants . Epidemiology . 2015;26(2):192-203. doi:10.1097/EDE.0000000000000225

Hezelgrave NL, Whitty CJM, Shennan AH, Chappell LC. Advising on travel during pregnancy . BMJ. 2011;342:d2506. doi:10.1136/bmj.d2506

Zubac D, Stella AB, Morrison SA. Up in the air: Evidence of dehydration risk and long-haul flight on athletic performance . Nutrients . 2020;12(9):2574-2589. doi:10.3390/nu12092574

Cone JE, Vaughan LM, Huete A, Samuels S. Reproductive health outcomes among female flight attendants: An exploratory study . J Occup Environ Med. 1998;40(3):210-216.

Ellington S, Strid P, Tong VT, et al. Characteristics of women of reproductive age with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection by pregnancy status — United States, January 22–June 7, 2020 . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(25):769-775. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6925a1

By Robin Elise Weiss, PhD, MPH Robin Elise Weiss, PhD, MPH is a professor, author, childbirth and postpartum educator, certified doula, and lactation counselor.

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Is it safe to fly while I'm pregnant?

Yes, just like other kinds of pregnancy travel , flying while pregnant is safe as long as you're not too close to your due date and don't have any medical complications.

Talk with your healthcare provider before you book your flight to discuss any potential issues and get their go ahead. Know that almost every airline won't let women who are past 36 weeks pregnant fly – and sometimes that's even earlier for international travel.

As long as you and your baby are healthy, you shouldn't have any trouble in the pressurized cabin of a commercial airliner. (Just remember to keep your seat belt on while you're seated – it should sit under your belly and low on your hips.) You don't need to worry about the screening machines at the airport, either. They won't harm your baby.

Your ob-gyn or midwife may be able to help you find a provider at the destination you're visiting in case you need medical attention while you're away. You'll also want to verify what your health and travel insurance policies cover regarding emergencies abroad and flight cancellations, in the event that something happens or you need to cancel your trip.

When is flying while pregnant not safe?

There are some situations when it's not safe to fly while you're pregnant, including if you:

• are having signs of a possible miscarriage , such as cramping, pain, or bleeding
• have cervical insufficiency (an incompetent cervix)
• have preeclampsia
• have vaginal bleeding
• are under observation for preterm labor
• have premature rupture of membranes (PROM), which means you're leaking amniotic fluid or your water has broken but you're not yet in labor

Your healthcare provider may also recommend you not fly if you:

• are carrying twins or higher multiples after 28 weeks
• have intrauterine growth restriction
• have a history of miscarriage or ectopic pregnancy
• have placenta previa or another placental abnormality
• have any chronic medical condition, such as diabetes or high blood pressure
• have a history of blood clots
• have any other conditions that put your pregnancy at extra risk

How late in pregnancy can you fly?

Most airlines won't let pregnant women fly after 36 weeks – if you're planning to get on a plane sometime during your third trimester, check with your airline on their specific pregnancy travel policies before booking your flight.

If your bump makes it look like you're more pregnant than you are , airline employees may ask you to provide a note from your OB or midwife stating you've been cleared to fly, as well as how many weeks pregnant you are. In most cases, it's no problem at all to get this letter from your healthcare provider – just be sure not to wait until the day of travel to ask for it. That's the last bit of travel stress anyone needs!

Tips for flying when pregnant

These tips will help you and your baby stay safe and comfortable on your next flight:

• For the smoothest ride, request a seat in the middle of the plane over the wing. (This is the area where you're least likely to get airsick too.)
• For more legroom, try to get a seat in the bulkhead or pay for an upgrade. Stretch your legs and flex your feet as often as possible to minimize swelling.
• Choose an aisle seat so you can get up easily to go to the bathroom or walk around and stretch – which you should do at least once an hour (every half hour is even better). Pregnant women who sit still for long periods have a higher risk of developing deep vein thrombosis .
• Wearing compression socks can also help you avoid clots because they keep the blood moving in your legs.
• Wear comfortable shoes, as your feet may become swollen when flying. Opt for loose clothing to stay as comfortable as possible too.
• Drink lots of fluids (especially water) to avoid the dehydrating effects of dry cabin air. It's best to avoid carbonated drinks when flying – gas expands at higher altitudes and that effect can be uncomfortable.
• Go to the bathroom frequently, especially before the plane begins its descent. You don't want to be stuck in your seat with a full bladder during the time it takes to land and taxi to the gate.
• If you're prone to nausea, ask your healthcare provider if you can take prescription anti-nausea medication .
• Don't be afraid to ask a flight attendant or other passengers who appear able to help you lift your carry-on into the overhead bin.
• Be sure to pack some healthy snacks and a bottle of water in case you have any unexpected delays on the ground or in the air.

Flying during COVID-19

As long as you're fully vaccinated against COVID-19, it's okay to travel, which includes flying, according to the CDC. If you're not vaccinated, the CDC says you should delay or avoid travel unless it's absolutely essential. Pregnant women who get COVID-19 are at a higher risk for severe illness and hospitalization, as well as preterm birth and other poor pregnancy outcomes. (This is why major health organizations are recommending that women who are pregnant, breastfeeding, or are planning on becoming pregnant get the COVID-19 vaccine .)

If you have any questions about flying during COVID-19 or the COVID-19 vaccine, talk to your healthcare provider. They can help you make the best decisions for you and your baby's health.

Was this article helpful?

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BabyCenter's editorial team is committed to providing the most helpful and trustworthy pregnancy and parenting information in the world. When creating and updating content, we rely on credible sources: respected health organizations, professional groups of doctors and other experts, and published studies in peer-reviewed journals. We believe you should always know the source of the information you're seeing. Learn more about our editorial and medical review policies .

ACOG. 2019. Air travel during pregnancy. Committee Opinion No. 746. https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2018/08/air-travel-during-pregnancy Opens a new window [Accessed October 2021]

ACOG. 2016. Travel during pregnancy. FAQ055.  http://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Travel-During-Pregnancy Opens a new window  [Accessed October 2021]

March of Dimes. 2016. Travel during pregnancy.  http://www.marchofdimes.org/pregnancy/travel-during-pregnancy.aspx Opens a new window  [Accessed October 2021]

Morof, D.F. 2015. CDC. Travelers' Health, Chapter 8, Advising Travelers with Specific Needs, Pregnant Travelers.  http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2016/advising-travelers-with-specific-needs/pregnant-travelers Opens a new window  [Accessed October 2021]

CDC. 2021. Covid-19: Pregnant and Recently Pregnant People. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/pregnant-people.html Opens a new window [Accessed October 2021]

CDC. 2021. International Travel During Covid-19. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/travelers/international-travel-during-covid19.html Opens a new window [Accessed October 2021]

Terry Ward is a freelance travel, health, and parenting writer who has covered everything from flying with toddlers to why you should travel with your kids even when they're too young to remember it. She lives in Tampa, Florida, with her husband and their young son and daughter, and enjoys camping, sailing, scuba diving, skiing, and almost anything else done in the great outdoors.

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Air travel and pregnancy

Published: May 2015

Please note that this information will be reviewed every 3 years after publication.

Updated: May 2022

This information is for you if you are pregnant and are thinking of travelling by air.

This information is for you if you are pregnant and are thinking of travelling by air. It may also be helpful if you are a partner, relative or friend of someone in this difficult situation.

The information is relevant for short haul (under four hours), medium and long haul (over four hours) flights.

If you are a member of a flight crew or you fly frequently as part of your work, you should seek additional advice from your occupational health department concerning your own situation.

The information here aims to help you better understand your health and your options for treatment and care. Your healthcare team is there to support you in making decisions that are right for you. They can help by discussing your situation with you and answering your questions.

Within this information we may use the terms ‘woman’ and ‘women’. However, it is not only people who identify as women who may want to access this information. Your care should be personalised, inclusive and sensitive to your needs whatever your gender identity.

A glossary of medical terms is available at  A-Z of medical terms .

• Occasional air travel during pregnancy is not harmful for you or your baby as long as you are having an uncomplicated pregnancy
• Long flights may increase your chance of developing a blood clot. There are things you can do to reduce your chance of this happening.
• It is important to check the healthcare facilities that are available at your destination, in case you need any emergency care.

If your pregnancy is straightforward, flying is not harmful for you or your baby:

• If you have a straightforward pregnancy and are healthy, there is no evidence that the changes in air pressure and/or the decrease in humidity have a harmful effect on you or your baby.
• There is no evidence that flying will cause miscarriage, early labour or your waters to break.

Anyone who flies is exposed to a slight increase in radiation. Occasional flights are not considered to present a risk to you or your baby

When you are pregnant, the safest time to fly is:

• Before 37 weeks, if you are carrying one baby. From 37 weeks of pregnancy you could go into labour at any time, which is why many women choose not to fly after this time.
• Before 32 weeks, if you are carrying an uncomplicated twin pregnancy.

It is important to know that most obstetric emergencies happen in the first and third trimester .

Most airlines do not allow women to fly after 37 weeks. It is important that you check with your airline before flying. It may also be more difficult to get travel insurance after 37 weeks.

Some pregnant women may experience discomfort during flying. You may have:

• swelling of your legs due to fluid retention (oedema)
• nasal congestion/problems with your ears – during pregnancy you are more likely to have a blocked nose and, combined with this, the changes in air pressure in the plane can also cause you to experience problems in your ears
• pregnancy sickness – if you experience motion sickness during the flight, it can make your sickness worse.

A DVT is a blood clot that forms in your leg or pelvis. If it travels to your lungs (pulmonary embolism) it can be life threatening. When you are pregnant and for up to six weeks after the birth of your baby, you have a higher risk of developing a DVT compared with women who are not pregnant (for more information please see the RCOG patient information Reducing the risk of venous thrombosis in pregnancy and after birth.

There is an increased risk of developing a DVT while flying, due to sitting for a prolonged length of time. The risk of a DVT increases with the length of the flight. Your risk is also increased if you have additional risk factors such as a previous DVT or you are overweight. Your midwife or doctor will be able to check your individual risk.

If you are taking a short haul flight (less than four hours), it is unlikely that you will need to take any special measures. Your midwife or doctor should give you an individual risk assessment for venous thrombosis and advice for your own situation.

To minimise the risk of a DVT on a medium or a long haul flight (over four hours), you should:

• wear loose clothing and comfortable shoes
• try to get an aisle seat and take regular walks around the plane
• do in-seat exercises every 30 minutes or so – the airline should give you information on these
• have cups of water at regular intervals throughout your flight
• cut down on drinks that contain alcohol or caffeine (coffee, fizzy drinks)
• wear graduated elastic compression stockings – your midwife or doctor will need to provide the correct size and type for you as they are different from standard flight socks.

If you have other risk factors for a DVT, regardless of the length of your flight, you may be advised to have heparin injections. These will thin your blood and help prevent a DVT. A heparin injection should be taken on the day of the flight and daily for a few days afterward. For security reasons, you will need a letter from your doctor to enable you to carry these injections onto the plane.

Low-dose aspirin does not appear to reduce the risk of a DVT but you should continue to take it if it has been prescribed for another reason.

A medical condition or health problem can complicate your pregnancy and put you and your baby at risk. For this reason, if any of the following apply, you may be advised not to fly:

• You are at increased risk of going into labour before your due date.
• You have severe anaemia. This is when the level of red blood cells in your blood is lower than normal. Red blood cells contain the iron-rich pigment haemoglobin, which carries oxygen around your body.
• You have sickle cell disease (a condition which affects red blood cells) and you have recently had a sickle crisis.
• You have recently had significant vaginal bleeding.
• You have a serious condition affecting your lungs or heart that makes it very difficult for you to breathe.

It is important that you discuss any health issues or pregnancy complications with your midwife or doctor before you fly. If have an increased chance of miscarriage or ectopic pregnancy, ask for an ultrasound scan for reassurance before you fly.

Be aware that the unexpected can happen while travelling which could delay your return home. Some airlines may not allow you to fly if you have fractured a bone, have a middle ear or a sinus infection or have recently had surgery to your abdomen that involved your bowel, such as having your appendix removed.

To help decide whether or not to fly, think about your own medical history and any increased risks that you may have. The following questions may also help you in making your decision:

• Why do you want to fly at this particular time?
• Is your flight necessary?
• How long is your flight? Will this increase your risk of medical problems?
• Your chance of going into labour is higher the further you are in pregnancy.
• It is also important to remember that having a miscarriage, whether you fly or not, is common (one in five) in the first three months of pregnancy.
• What are the medical facilities at your destination in the event of an unexpected complication with your pregnancy?
• Have you had all the relevant immunisations and/or medication for the country you are travelling to? Have you checked with your doctor about how these affect your pregnancy?
• Does your travel insurance cover pregnancy and/or care for your newborn baby if you give birth unexpectedly? There is huge variation among airlines and travel insurance policies so it is worth checking before you decide to fly.
• Have you discussed your travel plans with your midwife and informed them that you are thinking about taking a medium or long haul flight?
• If you are over 28 weeks pregnant, your airline may ask you to get a letter from your midwife or doctor stating when your baby is due and confirming that you are in good health, are having a straightforward pregnancy, and are not at an increased risk of complications.
• Any document needed to confirm your due date and that you are fit to fly. Some airlines have their own forms/documents that will need to be completed at any stage of pregnancy. Contact your airline if you are unsure.

If you are travelling to Europe, it is recommended that you apply for a European Health Insurance Card (EHIC) or Global Health Insurance Card (GHIC). This will allow you to access routine healthcare at a reduced cost, or for free. For more information on what the card covers and how to apply, see the GOV.UK website.   .

You will have to go through the normal security checks before flying. This is not considered to be a risk to you or your baby.

You must wear a seatbelt. You should ensure the strap of your seatbelt is reasonably tightly fastened across the top of your thighs and then under your bump. Ask the cabin crew if you need a seatbelt extension.

Any pregnant woman has a small chance of going into labour early or for her waters to break early. If this happens to you on a flight, there is no guarantee that other passengers or crewmembers will be trained and experienced to help you give birth safely. As a result, the pilot may have to divert the flight to get help for you.

Flying while you are pregnant can be stressful. If you are feeling anxious or worried in any way, please speak to your healthcare team who can answer your questions and help you get support. The support may come from healthcare professionals, voluntary organisations or other services. Further information and resources are available on the NHS website:

https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/stress-anxiety-depression/

Further information

• RCOG Scientific Impact Paper Air Travel and Pregnancy
• Tommy’s website: https://www.tommys.org/

If you are asked to make a choice, you may have lots of questions that you want to ask. You may also want to talk over your options with your family or friends. It can help to write a list of the questions you want answered and take it to your appointment.

Ask 3 Questions

To begin with, try to make sure you get the answers to  3 key questions , if you are asked to make a choice about your healthcare:

• What are my options?
• What are the pros and cons of each option for me?
• How do I get support to help me make a decision that is right for me?

*Ask 3 Questions is based on Shepherd et al. Three questions that patients can ask to improve the quality of information physicians give about treatment options: A cross-over trial. Patient Education and Counselling, 2011;84:379-85  

• https://aqua.nhs.uk/resources/shared-decision-making-case-studies/

Sources and acknowledgments

This information has been developed by the RCOG Patient Information Committee. It is based on the RCOG Scientific Impact Paper Air Travel and Pregnancy (May 2013), which contains a full list of the sources of evidence we have used. You can find it online here .

This information was reviewed before publication by women attending clinics in London, the Channel Isles and Northern Ireland, and by the RCOG Women’s Voices Involvement Panel.

A glossary of all medical terms is available on the RCOG website at: www.rcog.org.uk/womens-health/patientinformation/medical-terms-explained .

Please give us feedback by completing our feedback survey:

• Members of the public – patient information feedback
• Healthcare professionals – patient information feedback

Can I Fly While Pregnant?

Here are expert answers to some of the most-asked questions about air travel during pregnancy, by rosie colosi.

If you’re debating about whether to book that plane ticket for your babymoon in Hawaii, you can most likely get ready to say “aloha”!

The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ (ACOG) in-depth guidebook, “ Your Pregnancy and Childbirth: Month to Month ,” states: “In the absence of obstetric or medical complications, occasional air travel is safe for pregnant women. Pregnant women can fly safely, observing the same precautions for air travel as the general population.”

Of course, knowing that something is safe and feeling safe are two completely different things. If you’re planning to fly during your pregnancy, you probably have some questions about how to feel safe while in the air. So we asked a pregnancy health expert to weigh in and hopefully put your mind at ease.

When can you fly while pregnant?

According to ACOG , most airlines allow pregnant people to fly domestically up until about 36 weeks of pregnancy (or until 33 weeks if carrying multiples). But that’s not the whole story.

Dr. Kenneth T. Borkowski, lead physician at Women’s Health Group in Connecticut, clarified that these guidelines “are airline policies and they are not therefore medical in nature. The airline carriers do not wish to encounter medical issues mid-flight which would divert a plane to the closest terminal in the event of such issues. Occasional air travel, under most circumstances, is considered safe throughout pregnancy.”

Even so, pregnant people with medical or obstetric conditions (like preeclampsia , higher risk for preterm labor or vaginal bleeding) should consult their doctor before booking air travel.

“The most common obstetric emergencies happen in the first and third trimesters,” Dr. Borkowski says. “Other than taking that into consideration, the ‘best’ time to travel is when the airline rates are the lowest!”

What about flying internationally while pregnant?

Some international flights restrict pregnant people even earlier than 36 weeks, Dr. Borkowski says, and may require documentation of the baby’s gestational age before allowing them to board.

International flights (or even coast-to-coast domestic flights) tend to be longer, increasing the risk for turbulence, blood clots and dehydration. Changes in air pressure can decrease the amount of oxygen you breathe, and sitting still for a long period of time can prohibit healthy blood flow. This is true for anyone who flies, but the risk is higher for pregnant people . Dr. Borkowski recommends taking simple measures like drinking water, moving around the cabin and wearing below-the-knee graduated compression stockings to minimize these risks.

Is it safe to go through airport security while pregnant?

The Travel Security Administration (TSA) assures pregnant people that the airport screening machines are safe because they don’t actually use X-rays. Most airport screening machines use nonionizing radiation , which has much less potential for harm. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) say that “most common exposures to nonionizing radiation are not considered hazardous to you or your unborn baby.” Even older X-ray backscatter scanners do not expose you to enough radiation to threaten the health of you or your baby.

If you’re still nervous, you can request a pat-down instead. And if you have trouble lifting your bags or taking your shoes off at any point in the process, ask a security officer for assistance.

How can I stay safe and comfortable while flying?

ACOG recommends wearing your seatbelt at all times during the flight. It can be fastened lower on your hip bones, below your belly. The seatbelt will help stabilize you in the event of turbulence.

Move your feet, toes and legs often. You may want to book an aisle seat so you can walk the length of the plane to improve your circulation on a longer flight. (And an aisle seat will help you reach the bathroom more easily!)

Avoid carbonated drinks before the flight. High altitudes make gas expand, which won’t exactly help your comfort level. But don’t avoid all beverages—drink lots of water to stay hydrated.

What problems should I watch for while flying?

Again, the likelihood of experiencing any pregnancy-related medical issues during flight is very low. But there are a few symptoms that may warrant a call to your doctor.

An ACOG ob-gyn said that regardless of whether you’re in the air or on the ground, “any bleeding, leaking fluid, abdominal pain or change in fetal activity should trigger a call to the doctor.”

Adding airline travel to the mix puts you at a slightly higher risk of blood clots in the legs or lungs. Major symptoms of blood clots include pain and swelling in the legs, particularly on one side. Chest pain, shortness of breath and a fast heart rate can also be symptoms.

If you notice these symptoms or notice a decrease in the baby’s movement, give your doctor a call.

Should I be worried about additional radiation exposure while flying?

ACOG’s guidebook says that you shouldn’t worry: “Radiation exposure increases at higher altitudes, but the level of exposure generally isn’t a concern for pregnant women. If you are a frequent flier, talk with your ob-gyn about how much flying is safe for you.”

Is airline travel more dangerous for pregnant people during the Covid-19 and monkeypox pandemics?

This is a tough question to answer, Dr. Borkowski says. Because pregnancy lowers immune function, slightly increasing the chances of a poor outcome from Covid-19, pregnant people are considered part of the “at-risk” population and should protect themselves by staying up-to-date on vaccinations and wearing a high quality mask. If you are not vaccinated, if you don’t have some sort of naturally acquired immunity or if you are traveling to areas where Covid transmission is high, you may want to think about how to keep your contact with other people limited, like renting a car rather than ride-sharing, dining outdoors or staying in a rental house rather than a big hotel with common areas.

“My advice would be to follow the recommendations from the CDC as well as those of their local physicians based on the Covid numbers in their region and in the region that they are planning to travel to,” Dr. Borkowski says.

As far as monkeypox, he said that it’s likely not a concern. The likelihood of “prolonged direct contact” with lesions is not likely to occur during airline travel.

Though there may be a few additional things to look out for, flying while pregnant shouldn’t keep you up at night. Chances are high that your trip will be smooth sailing.

So book that babymoon, attend a work conference or travel to visit relatives before the baby comes. “Enjoy your flight and the destination to which it takes you,” Dr. Borkowski says. “There is a wonderful world out there that should be explored and cherished!”

Rosie Colosi

Rosie Colosi writes books for curious kids and articles for parents who are counting the minutes until bedtime. Once upon a lifetime ago, she played Mrs. Claus in The Christmas Spectacular Starring The Radio City Rockettes , but now she mostly focuses on singing songs from  Annie  to her two little girls.

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Coronavirus Updates

Cdc says travel is safe for fully vaccinated people, but opposes nonessential trips.

Rachel Treisman

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention updated its domestic travel guidance for fully vaccinated people on Friday, lifting certain requirements while continuing to advise mitigation measures like mask-wearing and hand-washing. Angus Mordant/Bloomberg via Getty Images hide caption

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention updated its domestic travel guidance for fully vaccinated people on Friday, lifting certain requirements while continuing to advise mitigation measures like mask-wearing and hand-washing.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has updated its domestic travel guidance for fully vaccinated people, lifting certain testing and self-quarantine requirements and recommending precautions like wearing a mask and avoiding crowds. But health officials continue to discourage nonessential travel, citing a sustained rise in cases and hospitalizations.

The CDC updated its website on Friday to reflect the latest scientific evidence, writing that "people who are fully vaccinated with an FDA-authorized vaccine can travel safely within the United States."

The announcement comes less than a month after the CDC first released updated guidance about gatherings for fully vaccinated people, which it described as a "first step" toward returning to everyday activities.

Air Travel Is Opening Up Again, But That Doesn't Mean The Pandemic Is Over

The CDC considers someone fully vaccinated two weeks after they receive the last dose of vaccine. Those individuals will no longer need to get tested before or after travel unless their destination requires it, and do not need to self-quarantine upon return.

The new guidance means, for example, that fully vaccinated grandparents can fly to visit their healthy grandkids without getting a COVID-19 test or self-quarantining as long as they follow other recommended measures while traveling, according to CDC Director Rochelle Walensky.

Those measures include wearing a mask over their nose and mouth, staying 6 feet from others and washing their hands frequently. Masks are required on all planes traveling into, within or out of the U.S., under an executive order issued by President Biden.

But Walensky, speaking at a White House COVID-19 Response Team briefing on Friday, nonetheless discouraged all nonessential travel, citing a continued increase in the seven-day average of cases and hospitalizations.

"While we believe that fully vaccinated people can travel at low risk to themselves, CDC is not recommending travel at this time due to the rising number of cases," Walensky said.

CDC Director Fears 'Impending Doom' If U.S. Opens Too Quickly

She said that while vaccinated people can do more things safely, most Americans are not yet fully vaccinated. Those who are not must have a negative test 1-3 days before they travel under CDC guidance. They must either get tested 3-5 days after they return and self-quarantine for 7 days, or self-quarantine for 10 days with no test.

Walensky said on Monday that there is more travel occurring now than throughout the pandemic, including the winter holidays. She acknowledged that people have been looking to get away over spring break or take advantage of what they perceive as a "relative paucity in cases," and she said the country was seeing an uptick in cases as a result.

"The thing that's different this time is that we actually have it in our power to be done with the scale of the vaccination," she said. "And that will be so much slower if we have another surge to deal with as well."

The U.S. is already seeing an uptick in domestic travel, and many Americans are looking to book trips in the coming months in what experts described to NPR as a sign of "clear pent up demand for travel."

As the country's supply of COVID-19 doses has grown, so has Biden's goal for the number of shots in arms during his first 100 days, doubling the target to 200 million by the end of this month. Many states have already expanded eligibility to all adults or are set to do so in the coming weeks, well ahead of the president's May 1 deadline.

According to NPR's vaccine tracker , 16.9% of the U.S. population is fully vaccinated, and 30% has had at least one dose. Researchers estimate that 70% to 85% of the country would need to have immunity for COVID-19 to stop spreading through communities.

International travel restrictions remain

The CDC is not lifting travel restrictions barring the entry of most non-U.S. citizens from places including China, Brazil, South Africa and parts of Europe. It will continue to require airline passengers entering the U.S. to get a test within three days of their departure and show proof of a negative result before boarding.

The travel industry has been pushing for some of these restrictions to end. A group of 26 organizations sent a letter to White House COVID-19 czar Jeffrey Zients urging the federal government "to partner with us to develop, by May 1, 2021, a risk-based, data-driven roadmap to rescind inbound international travel restrictions."

While Some Spring Breakers Swarm Beaches, Many Stay Home, Dreaming Of Summer Travel

"To be clear, at this time, we do not support removal or easing of core public health protections, such as the universal mask mandate, inbound international testing requirement, physical distancing or other measures that have made travel safer and reduced transmission of the virus," they wrote. "However, the data and science demonstrate that the right public health measures are now in place to effectively mitigate risk and allow for the safe removal of entry restrictions."

Travel and tourism have taken a considerable hit because of the pandemic with industry groups noting that overseas travel to the U.S. declined by 81% in 2020, causing billions of dollars in losses. Without lifting international travel bans, the U.S. Travel Association estimates that some 1.1 million American jobs will not be restored and billions in spending will be lost by the end of the year.

"Fortunately, enough progress has been made on the health front that a rebound for domestic leisure travel looks possible this year, but that alone won't get the job done," Roger Dow, the association's president and CEO, said in a statement . "A full travel recovery will depend on reopening international markets, and we must also contend with the challenge of reviving business travel."

Fauci Expects Surge In Vaccinations To Keep A 4th Coronavirus Wave At Bay

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Is air travel in pregnancy safe?

QUESTION How should I advise the increasing number of my pregnant patients who need to fly as part of their jobs?

ANSWER Overall, existing data do not confirm increased reproductive risks for otherwise healthy pregnant women traveling by air. Pregnant women with specific medical conditions that might be exacerbated by a hypoxic environment, such as respiratory and cardiac diseases, should avoid flying, as should women at risk for preterm labour and those with placental pathologies.

RÉSUMÉ

QUESTION Quels conseils devrais-je donner au nombre grandissant de mes patientes enceintes qui doivent prendre l’avion pour les besoins du travail?

RÉPONSE Dans l’ensemble, les données actuelles ne confirment pas de risques accrus, sur le plan de la reproduction, causés par les voyages en avion pour les femmes enceintes autrement en bonne santé. Les femmes enceintes ayant des problèmes médicaux spécifiques susceptibles d’être exacerbés par un environnement hypoxique, comme des maladies respiratoires ou cardiaques, devraient éviter de prendre l’avion, tout comme celles à risque d’un travail prématuré ou ayant des pathologies placentaires.

Air travel has become an important part of modern life. Many more women are now employed in jobs that involve frequent flying, and, in fact, most flight attendants are women of reproductive age. In parallel, with the average age of starting a family steadily increasing, many more pregnant women have medical conditions that might be exacerbated by air travel.

Naturally, the most compelling studies on reproductive risks originate from research in flight attendants. In a cross-sectional survey among current and former flight attendants, Lauria et al 1 did not detect higher rates of miscarriage associated with active work. They did, however, find higher rates of menstrual irregularities among current flight attendants and 60% higher rates of infertility. 1 The lack of risk of spontaneous abortions was corroborated by others. 2 However, flight attendants who experienced spontaneous abortions reported working substantially more flight hours (74 hours per month) than did flight attendants who had live births (64 hours per month). 2 These data suggest that the occasional flight among healthy pregnant women should not be a concern. 3 In contrast, women at higher risk for spontaneous abortions might want to limit their flights.

Pregnancy is associated with increased risk of thromboembolic disease, as is air travel; therefore, their combination has been an area of concern. 4 Common advice includes prophylactic mobilization, fluid intake, leg exercises, and use of prophylactic acetylsalicylic acid and compression stockings in the first trimester of pregnancy. 4

Freeman et al 5 addressed potential risks in late pregnancy; they retrospectively analyzed a pilot cohort of women giving birth to singleton, nonanomalous fetuses. Air travel was not associated with birth weight, shorter gestation, rate of vaginal bleeding, preterm delivery, preeclampsia, or neonatal intensive care admission. There were no thromboembolic events in any of the 118 pregnant air travelers. 5

The management of pregnant women who suffer from serious medical or obstetric conditions needs to be individualized. Hypoxia in the cabin might put pregnant women with unstable angina, congestive heart failure, or chronic pulmonary conditions at risk. 6 The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists advises that pregnant air travelers with medical problems that might be exacerbated by a hypoxic environment who must travel be prescribed supplemental oxygen in flight. 3

As a matter of common sense, women at risk of preterm delivery or those suffering from placental pathology should avoid flying in late pregnancy.

Canadian airline rules for pregnant travelers

Air Canada and Air Canada Jazz. A woman with a normal pregnancy and no previous history of premature labour may travel up to and including her 36th week. (Visit www.aircanada.com/en/travelinfo/before/youngtravellers/infant-child.html . )

Air Transat. Up to 35 weeks of pregnancy, pregnant women may travel without restriction; from 36 to 38 weeks, they must present doctors’ certificates issued 24 hours before departure. From 39 weeks and on, pregnant travelers may not travel on any Air Transat flight. (Visit www.airtransat.com/en/4_2_2.asp .)

CanJet Airlines. Pregnant women past 36 weeks of pregnancy require doctors’ certificates that authorize travel and state travel dates. (Visit www.canjet.com/en_travel_policies.aspx?ID=6 . )

Canadian Affair. Between 28 and 33 weeks of pregnancy, women may fly only with up-to-date doctors’ letters that confirm both the stage of pregnancy and fitness to fly; beyond 34 weeks, women may not fly. (Visit www.canadianaffair.com/en/useful_info/detail/health.asp#H3 . )

Porter. Pregnant women at 36 to 38 weeks of pregnancy may fly with doctors’ notes written 24 hours before departure; after 38 weeks, pregnant women are not allowed to fly. (Visit www.flyporter.com/en/faq_travelinformation.aspx? .)

Skyservice. Up to 35 weeks of pregnancy, pregnant women may travel without restriction; between 36 and 39 weeks of pregnancy, they may only travel with doctors’ notes that are dated less than 24 hours before date of departure. After 39 weeks, pregnant women may not travel. (Visit www.skyserviceairlines.com/eng/airline/planningyourtrip/planningyourtrip.specialhandling.asp#pregnant . )

WestJet. Women at any stage of pregnancy are welcome to fly. Women past 32 weeks of pregnancy must consult their physicians to ensure the seat belt will not compromise the pregnancy and to obtain written confirmation to state that it is acceptable for them to travel. (Visit http://c3dsp.westjet.com/guest/travelTips.jsp;jsessionid=GMTMZJkJT32GNgkLhp9nJMJl142lVnpXBFlmgWVy3WJvwZLmv2BK#specialneeds . )

Competing interests

None declared

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• Infant and toddler health

Is air travel safe for an infant?

Air travel is typically safe for most healthy, full-term infants after the first few weeks. Air travel may not be a good idea for babies born before their due date, called premature or pre-term.

Babies born early may still need time for their lungs to mature. So check with a healthcare professional before flying in a pressurized cabin or visiting high-altitude places.

And any infant with heart or lung problems should be cleared for air travel by a healthcare professional.

As you plan your trip, here are some things to keep in mind, such as the baby's age, your health and some basics of flying.

The baby's age, overall health

Experts caution against flying in the first seven days after a baby is born. Some healthcare professionals suggest not traveling for the first few months.

In general, babies and adults face the same risk of exposure to illness from travel. But a baby's immune system is still learning how to protect against germs. And in most cases, a baby's illness needs to be more closely watched by a healthcare professional.

Caregiver health and planning

It is important for caregivers to think about their own health too. Flying with a child can cause added sleep loss and stress. And adults are at risk for new germs and illness, as well.

Finding out what illnesses are spreading in your area and where you're going can help you prepare and take thoughtful action. And basic things like handwashing are even more important to prevent the spread of germs while traveling.

The baby's ears

Offering a baby something to suck on may help relieve the baby's ear discomfort. You can offer the baby a breast, bottle or pacifier to suck on during takeoff and the start of the landing process. It might help to try to time feedings so that your baby is hungry during these times.

Ask a healthcare professional when it's safe to fly with babies who have had ear surgery or an ear infection.

Also, airplane cabin noise levels are loud, mainly during takeoff. Cotton balls, noise-canceling headphones or small earplugs may limit your baby's exposure to this noise. This may help make it easier for your baby to sleep.

The baby's safety seat

Most infant car seats are certified for air travel. Airlines often allow infants to ride on a caregiver's lap during flight. But the Federal Aviation Administration recommends that infants ride in properly secured safety seats.

If you choose not to purchase a ticket for your infant, ask about open seats when you board the plane. It's possible an open seat could be assigned to your infant.

Don't be tempted to give your baby medicine, such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl, others), to help the baby sleep during the flight. The practice isn't recommended, and sometimes the medicine can have the opposite effect.

Jay L. Hoecker, M.D.

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• Jana LA, et al. Flying the family-friendly skies. In: Heading Home With Your Newborn: From Birth to Reality. 4th ed. American Academy of Pediatrics; 2020. https://www.aap.org/en/shopaap. Accessed Oct. 30, 2023.
• Newborn-flying and mountain travel. Pediatric Patient Education. https://publications.aap.org/patiented. Accessed Oct. 30, 2023.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Traveling safely with infants & children. In: CDC Yellow Book 2024. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/family/infants-and-children. Accessed Oct. 30, 2023.
• AskMayoExpert. Infant Fever. Accessed Nov. 18, 2023.
• Schmitt BD. Pediatric Telephone Protocols: Office Version. 17th ed. American Academy of Pediatrics; 2021.
• Child safety on airplanes. Federal Aviation Administration. https://www.faa.gov/travelers/fly_children/. Accessed Nov. 18, 2023.

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Opinion: United Airlines had a bad few weeks — should air travelers be worried?

United Airlines has suffered a recent spate of flight incidents .  

They range from a tire falling off an airplane on takeoff from San Francisco International , an engine fire on a flight from Houston InterContinental to Fort Myers , an airplane sliding off the runway at Houston Intercontinental and a hydraulic system failure on a flight from San Francisco International to Mexico City . To throw even more gasoline on the fire, this weekend an external panel mysteriously disappeared off a United flight . In all incidences, there were no fatalities or injuries. 

Having a single incident over a short time horizon is not that unusual. Having several seemingly unrelated events may seem worrisome. This begs the question: Is there an issue with United or with the airplane manufacturers, or did other factors cause these events? 

To understand these events and uncover what it may mean for United air travelers — and perhaps all air travelers — one must look at the data. 

On an average day in the United States, commercial airlines operate more than 25,000 flights , carrying around 2.5 million passengers , based on the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) screening throughput at airports. 

Air travel in the United States has been remarkably safe for many years. The last reported commercial airplane crash occurred on July 6, 2013, when Asiana 214 crashed as it approached San Francisco International Airport for landing . Pilot error was determined to be the cause of the crash. 

Among U.S. carriers, the last crash was on Feb. 12, 2009, when Colgan 3407 crashed on its approach to Buffalo-Niagara International Airport . This crash led to sweeping changes for pilot certification and rest rules , which most likely has led to safer air traveler over the past 15 years. 

In contrast, over 40,000 people were killed on highways in 2022 . By any reasonable measure, boarding an airplane for a two-hour flight is significantly safer than driving the same route for 12 hours. 

Ensuring that every flight is as safe as possible demands intricate coordination between the airlines, the airplane manufacturers, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and airport authorities. These partnerships are designed to facilitate safe and efficient air travel. 

So what happened with so many United flight incidents in such a short period of time? 

Let’s look at them, based solely on public information available. 

The tire falling off the flight out of San Francisco International is quite rare. Airplane tires are replaced on a regular schedule and are routinely checked for wear and tear to ensure that they can handle the takeoffs and landings that every plane must go through several times per day. In this case, when a tire unexpectedly falls off, something went awry during the safety checks and routine maintenance, and most likely, the last time the tire had been replaced.  

The good news is that large commercial airplanes have several tires , so the risk to passengers was minimal. The greatest risk was to the area where the tire settled after dislodging from the airplane. 

The second incident, the engine fire on the flight out of Houston Intercontinental, was caused by bubble wrap being ingested into the engine. Though such an incident is highly unusual, jet engines are large and can suck in debris (or birds) . In most cases, nothing occurs. In this case, a fire erupted. For safety purposes, fuel is cut off to the affected engine, so the fire does not spread, with the remaining engines used to propel the airplane to a safe landing at the nearest airport. 

The third incident, an airplane skidding off the runway upon landing at Houston Intercontinental, is also highly unusual. The weather conditions were unfavorable at the time, creating a level of uncertainty following landing. However, airplanes land in inclement weather every day. Information as to what caused the incident is still under investigation , though some error (either pilot or air traffic control) is a plausible explanation. 

The fourth incident, a hydraulic system failure, falls within the realm of highly unusual as well. Airbus planes are designed with a redundant hydraulic system, so when one fails, two others are available . The risk to passengers during this incident was minimal. 

The same can be said about the missing external panel. 

The FAA takes all airplane incidences seriously . It is this attention to detail that imbues confidence in air travel and ensures that travelers remain safe on every flight. This contributes to the pristine safety record enjoyed by commercial air travel over the past 15 years. 

Whether there are some underlying issues with maintenance at United remains to be seen. Given the number of flights they offer, this is highly unlikely. If anything, maintenance records will be reviewed but are unlikely to produce any meaningful insights.  

What United most likely experienced the last couple of weeks was a string of bad luck. Social media has a way of amplifying any such incident. The good news is that each incident will be investigated, ultimately leading to an even safer air travel experience for all. United, and all the other commercial airlines, have a vested interest in making it so.  

Sheldon H. Jacobson, Ph.D., is a professor of Computer Science at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He applies his expertise in data-driven risk-based decision-making to evaluate and inform public policy. He has also studied aviation security for nearly 30 years.  

For the latest news, weather, sports, and streaming video, head to The Hill.

Middle East: Is it safe to travel to holiday destinations as tension escalates?

Are you going to Turkey, Egypt or Israel on holiday? The Foreign Office has warned travellers to several countries to monitor advice after an Iranian attack on Israel pushed tension in the Middle East up another notch.

Thursday 18 April 2024 08:13, UK

Tension in the Middle East has ratcheted up again after Iran's attack on Israel, as the world waits to see how Benjamin Netanyahu's government will respond. 

With the threat of widening conflict, people due to travel through or over the Middle East may be asking if their plans may be impacted.

On Saturday, flight data showed dozens of journeys that would have travelled over the Middle East turned back after Iran fired more than 300 drones and missiles into Israel .

Here is what airlines are saying and the latest safety advice to travellers.

EasyJet scraps Tel Aviv flights

EasyJet has suspended all flights to Tel Aviv over safety concerns.

The budget airline told Sky News it has grounded its flights until 27 October at the earliest "as a result of the continued evolving situation" in the region.

Wizz Air customers could see schedule changes

Wizz Air cancelled flights to Tel Aviv on Sunday 14 and Monday 15 April before resuming its schedule.

But it said customers could experience schedule changes as it closely monitors the situation.

British Airways operating as normal

British Airways - which operates four daily return flights per week between Heathrow and Tel Aviv - said its flights were continuing to operate as planned, but it too was monitoring the situation.

Is it safe to travel to Turkey?

Turkey is a popular holiday destination for people from the UK with the Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism saying that last year 3.16 million Britons made the journey there, according to Travel Weekly.

Yet, it borders a number of countries that the Foreign Office advises against travel to.

The vast majority of the country is considered generally safe for tourists, with some exceptions.

The Foreign Office advises against all travel within 10km of the border with Syria , and all but essential travel to the Sirnak and Hakkari provinces.

Is it safe to travel to Israel?

Some parts of Israel are considered "red zones" by the Foreign Office, with the government advising against all travel there.

For the rest of the country - including East Jerusalem and Tel Aviv - the advice is to travel only if it is essential.

Tourist Israel says around 220,000 Britons usually go to the country every year and the Foreign Office is advising against travel close to the border with Gaza, within 5km of the border with Lebanon and within 500m of the border with Syria.

You can see the full updated list of "red zones" on the Foreign Office advice pages.

Occupied Palestinian territories

The Foreign Office advises against all travel to Gaza and the West Bank.

Don't travel to Iran, Iraq, Yemen, Lebanon or Syria - Foreign Office

The Foreign Office advises against all travel to Iran, Syria, Lebanon and Yemen.

It advises against all travel to Iraq except to the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI), where it advises against all but "essential travel".

Can I safely go on holiday in Egypt?

The main tourist areas in Egypt are generally considered safe, including the capital Cairo, cities along the Nile and Red Sea resorts.

Over 1.5 million British Nationals visit Egypt every year, according to analysts Gitnux, and the areas the Foreign Office warns not to travel to include the Governorate of North Sinai, where the Rafah crossing to Gaza is located, and within 20km of the border with Libya.

Read more: Are we heading for World War Three? Experts give their verdicts What are Iran's military capabilities - and where could it strike?

Keep up with all the latest news from the UK and around the world by following Sky News

Check advice on other Middle East states before you travel

Following Iran's attack on Israel, the Foreign Office issued a warning relating to several countries in the surrounding area, telling travellers to check for the latest information.

Included in this are popular destinations like Dubai (visited by more than a million Britons last year according to Travel Weekly) and Marrakech.

"On 13 April 2024 Iran carried out military action against Israel. Monitor this travel advice and other media as the situation is changing fast," the FCDO said in a statement.

The countries covered by the warning include Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Morocco, Tunisia, Saudi Arabia, Algeria, Bahrain, Kuwait, Libya, Jordan and Oman.

Anywhere else of concern?

Cyprus is near the region and has a large UK airbase but, as yet, there is no change in travel advice to the popular country.

Related Topics

• Israel-Hamas war
• Middle East

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Biden-Harris Administration Announces Final Rule Requiring Automatic Refunds of Airline Tickets and Ancillary Service Fees

Rule makes it easy to get money back for cancelled or significantly changed flights, significantly delayed checked bags, and additional services not provided  

WASHINGTON – The Biden-Harris Administration today announced that the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) has issued a final rule that requires airlines to promptly provide passengers with automatic cash refunds when owed. The new rule makes it easy for passengers to obtain refunds when airlines cancel or significantly change their flights, significantly delay their checked bags, or fail to provide the extra services they purchased.

“Passengers deserve to get their money back when an airline owes them - without headaches or haggling,” said U.S. Transportation Secretary Pete Buttigieg . “Our new rule sets a new standard to require airlines to promptly provide cash refunds to their passengers.”  

The final rule creates certainty for consumers by defining the specific circumstances in which airlines must provide refunds. Prior to this rule, airlines were permitted to set their own standards for what kind of flight changes warranted a refund. As a result, refund policies differed from airline to airline, which made it difficult for passengers to know or assert their refund rights. DOT also received complaints of some airlines revising and applying less consumer-friendly refund policies during spikes in flight cancellations and changes. 

Under the rule, passengers are entitled to a refund for:

• Canceled or significantly changed flights: Passengers will be entitled to a refund if their flight is canceled or significantly changed, and they do not accept alternative transportation or travel credits offered. For the first time, the rule defines “significant change.” Significant changes to a flight include departure or arrival times that are more than 3 hours domestically and 6 hours internationally; departures or arrivals from a different airport; increases in the number of connections; instances where passengers are downgraded to a lower class of service; or connections at different airports or flights on different planes that are less accessible or accommodating to a person with a disability.  
• Significantly delayed baggage return: Passengers who file a mishandled baggage report will be entitled to a refund of their checked bag fee if it is not delivered within 12 hours of their domestic flight arriving at the gate, or 15-30 hours of their international flight arriving at the gate, depending on the length of the flight.  
• Extra services not provided: Passengers will be entitled to a refund for the fee they paid for an extra service — such as Wi-Fi, seat selection, or inflight entertainment — if an airline fails to provide this service.

DOT’s final rule also makes it simple and straightforward for passengers to receive the money they are owed. Without this rule, consumers have to navigate a patchwork of cumbersome processes to request and receive a refund — searching through airline websites to figure out how make the request, filling out extra “digital paperwork,” or at times waiting for hours on the phone. In addition, passengers would receive a travel credit or voucher by default from some airlines instead of getting their money back, so they could not use their refund to rebook on another airline when their flight was changed or cancelled without navigating a cumbersome request process.  

The final rule improves the passenger experience by requiring refunds to be:

• Automatic: Airlines must automatically issue refunds without passengers having to explicitly request them or jump through hoops.   
• Prompt: Airlines and ticket agents must issue refunds within seven business days of refunds becoming due for credit card purchases and 20 calendar days for other payment methods.  
• Cash or original form of payment: Airlines and ticket agents must provide refunds in cash or whatever original payment method the individual used to make the purchase, such as credit card or airline miles. Airlines may not substitute vouchers, travel credits, or other forms of compensation unless the passenger affirmatively chooses to accept alternative compensation.    
• Full amount: Airlines and ticket agents must provide full refunds of the ticket purchase price, minus the value of any portion of transportation already used. The refunds must include all government-imposed taxes and fees and airline-imposed fees, regardless of whether the taxes or fees are refundable to airlines.

The final rule also requires airlines to provide prompt notifications to consumers affected by a cancelled or significantly changed flight of their right to a refund of the ticket and extra service fees, as well as any related policies.

In addition, in instances where consumers are restricted by a government or advised by a medical professional not to travel to, from, or within the United States due to a serious communicable disease, the final rule requires that airlines must provide travel credits or vouchers. Consumers may be required to provide documentary evidence to support their request. Travel vouchers or credits provided by airlines must be transferrable and valid for at least five years from the date of issuance.

The Department received a significant number of complaints against airlines and ticket agents for refusing to provide a refund or for delaying processing of refunds during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. At the height of the pandemic in 2020, refund complaints peaked at 87 percent of all air travel service complaints received by DOT. Refund problems continue to make up a substantial share of the complaints that DOT receives.

DOT’s Historic Record of Consumer Protection Under the Biden-Harris Administration

Under the Biden-Harris Administration and Secretary Buttigieg, DOT has advanced the largest expansion of airline passenger rights, issued the biggest fines against airlines for failing consumers, and returned more money to passengers in refunds and reimbursements than ever before in the Department’s history.

• Thanks to pressure from Secretary Buttigieg and DOT’s flightrights.gov dashboard, all 10 major U.S. airlines guarantee free rebooking and meals, and nine guarantee hotel accommodations when an airline issue causes a significant delay or cancellation. These are new commitments the airlines added to their customer service plans that DOT can legally ensure they adhere to and are displayed on flightrights.gov .  
• Since President Biden took office, DOT has helped return more than $3 billion in refunds and reimbursements owed to airline passengers – including over $600 million to passengers affected by the Southwest Airlines holiday meltdown in 2022.   
• Under Secretary Buttigieg, DOT has issued over $164 million in penalties against airlines for consumer protection violations. Between 1996 and 2020, DOT collectively issued less than $71 million in penalties against airlines for consumer protection violations.  
• DOT recently launched a new partnership with a bipartisan group of state attorneys general to fast-track the review of consumer complaints, hold airlines accountable, and protect the rights of the traveling public.  
• In 2023, the flight cancellation rate in the U.S. was a record low at under 1.2% — the lowest rate of flight cancellations in over 10 years despite a record amount of air travel.  
• DOT is undertaking its first ever industry-wide review of airline privacy practices and its first review of airline loyalty programs.

In addition to finalizing the rules to require automatic refunds and protect against surprise fees, DOT is also pursuing rulemakings that would:

• Propose to ban family seating junk fees and guarantee that parents can sit with their children for no extra charge when they fly. Before President Biden and Secretary Buttigieg pressed airlines last year, no airline committed to guaranteeing fee-free family seating. Now, four airlines guarantee fee-free family seating, and the Department is working on its family seating junk fee ban proposal.  
• Propose to make passenger compensation and amenities mandatory so that travelers are taken care of when airlines cause flight delays or cancellations.   
• Expand the rights for passengers who use wheelchairs and ensure that they can travel safely and with dignity . The comment period on this proposed rule closes on May 13, 2024.

The final rule on refunds can be found at https://www.transportation.gov/airconsumer/latest-news and at regulations.gov , docket number DOT-OST-2022-0089. There are different implementation periods in this final rule ranging from six months for airlines to provide automatic refunds when owed to 12 months for airlines to provide transferable travel vouchers or credits when consumers are unable to travel for reasons related to a serious communicable disease. 

Information about airline passenger rights, as well as DOT’s rules, guidance and orders, can be found at   https://www.transportation.gov/airconsumer .

FAA lifts ground stop of Alaska Airlines flights after system issues resolved

The Federal Aviation Administration lifted a ground stop that applied to all Alaska Airlines and subcarrier flights after about an hour Wednesday. The order was first instituted because of a software issue at the airline.

"This morning we experienced an issue while performing an upgrade to the system that calculates our weight and balance. Out of an abundance of caution, we requested a ground stop for all Alaska and Horizon flights, which was instituted at approximately 7:30 a.m. PT," Alaska said in a statement to USA TODAY. "The issue was mitigated and the ground stop for Alaska and Horizon flights expired at 8:30 a.m. PT. We have begun releasing flights. Residual delays are expected throughout the day. We apologize for the inconvenience and encourage guests to check the status of their flights on alaskaair.com or the Alaska App prior to heading to the airport."

The ground stop did not apply to Alaska flights operated by regional carrier SkyWest.

Although Alaska said it anticipates some delays throughout its system Wednesday as a result of the ground stop, as of 11:50 a.m. ET, the airline was not reporting any cancellations, according to FlightAware .

Zach Wichter is a travel reporter for USA TODAY based in New York. You can reach him at [email protected].

Watch CBS News

U.S. issues travel warning for Israel with Iran attack believed to be imminent and fear Gaza war could spread

By Debora Patta , Tucker Reals

Updated on: April 13, 2024 / 5:25 PM EDT / CBS News

Update: Iran launched drone attacks against Israel on Saturday. Read CBS News'  latest coverage here .

Tel Aviv  — Israel is bracing for a worst-case scenario that U.S. officials believe could materialize within just hours — the possibility of a direct attack on Israeli soil by Iran in retaliation for a strike almost two weeks ago that killed seven Iranian military officers. Iran has vowed to take revenge for Israel killing its commanders, who were hit by an April 1 strike on the Iranian embassy in Syria's capital.

Two U.S. officials told CBS News that a major Iranian attack against Israel was expected as soon as Friday, possibly to include more than 100 drones and dozens of missiles aimed at military targets inside the country. Sources have told CBS News the retaliation could include attacks carried out both by Iranian forces, and proxy groups around the region that it has been funneling additional arms to for weeks.  

The officials said it would be challenging for the Israelis to defend against an attack of that magnitude, and while they held out the possibility that the Iranians could opt for a smaller-scale attack to avoid a dramatic escalation, their retaliation was believed to be imminent. 

Asked Friday how imminent he believes an attack is, President Biden responded, "I don't want to get into secure information, but my expectation is sooner than later." The president urged Iran not to move forward, saying his message to Tehran was: "Don't."

Tehran has not indicated publicly how or when it will return fire, so it's unclear how far Iran's leaders will go. If they decide to carry out a direct attack on Israel, there's fear it could blow Israel's ongoing war against Iranian ally Hamas up into a much wider regional conflict.

With the Iranian retaliation expected at any time, the U.S. State Department on Thursday warned Americans in Israel not to travel outside major cities, which are better protected from incoming rocket fire by the country's Iron Dome missile defense system. The latest guidance noted that travel by U.S. government employees in Israel could be further restricted with little notice as things develop in the tinderbox region.

"Whoever harms us, we will harm them," Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu vowed Thursday as he visited troops at an Israel Defense Forces airbase. "We are prepared … both defensively and offensively."

On Saturday, all U.S. embassies in the Middle East were put on high alert and required to hold emergency action committee meetings. Diplomats in Lebanon and Israel were specifically told not to travel to certain areas within those countries.

Sima Shine, a security expert and former official with Israel's national intelligence agency Mossad, told CBS News it was a dangerous moment for the region, and the "most worried" she has been. She said anxiety over an all-out war was likely just as high "on both sides, in Israel and in Iran."

If Iran does choose to strike Israel directly, it could involve a complex missile and drone attack similar to the one Iranian forces launched against a Saudi oil facility in 2019 .

"They will try to do it on the military or some military asset," Shine predicted. "But the question will be the damage. If there would be many injured people, killed or injured … I think it has the potential for a huge escalation."

Shine stressed, however, that she still believes neither side actually wants a regional conflict.

U.S. "really trying to avoid war"

The U.S. sent a senior general to Israel this week to coordinate with the close American ally on any response it might make to an Iranian attack. Speaking Friday on "CBS Mornings," America's top military officer said, "we're really trying to avoid war."

"This is part of the dialogue that I have with my counterparts within the region, to include the Israeli chief of defense, who I talked to yesterday," said Joint Chiefs chairman Gen. Charles Q. Brown, Jr., adding that the U.S. military was "doing things not only to prevent a war, but at the same time, one of my primary things is to make sure all the forces in the region are protected."

"My role, as the chairman of the Joint Chiefs, is to plan and prepare," Brown said. "That's one thing we do very well."

Brown's Israeli counterpart, Chief of the General Staff Lt. Gen. Herzi Halevi, "completed a comprehensive situational assessment on the readiness of the IDF for all scenarios," Israel's military said Friday. 

"The IDF is very strongly prepared, both offensively and defensively, against any threat," Halevi was quoted as saying in the statement. "The IDF continues to monitor closely what is happening in Iran and different arenas, constantly preparing to deal with existing and potential threats in coordination with the United States Armed Forces." 

The IDF said the visiting U.S. general, Central Command chief Gen. Michael Erik Kurilla, was taking part in the IDF's situational assessment.

The dilemma for Iran, said Israeli expert Shine, is to figure out how to deliver its promised response to Israel's attack in Syria, but in a way that does not lead to further escalation. Likewise, Shine said Israel could choose to show restraint when it responds to whatever Iran eventually does.

If either side gets the balance wrong, the consequences for the region, and even the world, could be dire.

Weijia Jiang, David Martin, Margaret Brennan and Olivia Gazis contributed reporting.

• Middle East
• Benjamin Neta​nyahu

Debora Patta is a CBS News foreign correspondent based in Johannesburg. Since joining CBS News in 2013, she has reported on major stories across Africa, the Middle East and Europe. Edward R. Murrow and Scripps Howard awards are among the many accolades Patta has received for her work.

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Search for Cheap Deals on Hotels in Elektrostal

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What to know for booking summer travel: Expert tips on airfare, destinations and more

As the surge of summer travel draws near, the race to book a great vacation is on.

"If you're looking to travel domestically within the U.S., I think you should be booking now for summer travel," Clint Henderson, travel expert and managing editor of The Points Guy, told "GMA."

Earlier this month while reporting quarterly earnings, Delta Airlines CEO Ed Bastian projected "record advance bookings for the summer," telling CNBC that the carrier's credit card data and bookings show customers are highly interested in air travel.

An increase in budget airline routes that has created more competition, paired with an easing of the post-pandemic revenge travel surge, means travelers could see more deals.

"Overall prices are down from where they were when we just had that boom out of the pandemic," Henderson said. "So things are more reasonable."

Hopper, the flight booking app, has shown predicted fares for flights to Europe will be down 10% in price from the same time last year.

Google recently announced its top 20 trending summer destinations , which saw a few newcomers on the list and Paris rose to the No. 2 spot.

With the Olympics taking place there from July 26 through Aug. 11, an uptick in airfare and hotel pricing is expected during the Games.

But those willing to wait out the Olympics could find big savings for flights to the host nation.

The Points Guy has featured deals from Atlanta, Dallas and Charlotte to Paris for as low as $515 from August through the fall.

Amsterdam, Prague, Spain and Iceland are among the most reasonably priced European destinations, as seen on Hopper.

Tips for booking summer travel

Don't forget to stay flexible with travel dates and keep midweek in mind for possibly lower fares.

There's also a time during the post-summer rush known as "shoulder season," between September and October, when fares could drop by as much as 30%.

When it comes to airfare purchase timing, the experts at The Points Guy have found prices dip eight to four weeks before the outbound flight, but after the one-month mark, prices will creep back up.

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