cruise on yangtze river

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Yangtze River Cruises

Known as the longest body of water on the Asian continent , the Yangtze River is the perfect choice for a river cruise adventure, should you wish to explore Southeast Asia 's beauty in an unconventional manner. Enjoy premium amenities at the board of exquisite river cruise ships, provided by world renowed companies. Moreover, always keep an eye for enticing discounted prices. You never know what you may stumble upon.

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28 yangtze cruises with 29 reviews.

14-Day Impression China Group Tour

We thoroughly enjoyed our trip and would recommend it to our friends. The group size was no more than 7 once we left Beijing and this made for a fun and friendly tour. This allowed the guides to shine and added greatly to our visits to Xi'an, Chengdu, Chongqing and Shanghai. The organised meals were spot on with the best being lunch with a local family in Xi'an. Accommodation was first rate and complimented with a good breakfast spread. There was also some spare time and flexibility within the tour. Great tour at a good price. Thank you.

• 10% deposit on some dates Some departure dates offer you the chance to book this tour with a lower deposit.

China Group Tour to Beijing, Xi'an, Yangtze River Cruise and Shanghai

Everything went smoothly from the initial booking, having Angela as our own travel consultant, good communication throughout the booking process, Linda picking us up at Beijing airport at 12.05 am to our departure at Shanghai. All the guides were excellent very fluent English, knowledgeable and went out of their way to ensure customer satisfaction. Would definitely recommend China Travel Guide to anybody who wants a well organised tour in China.

11 Days Yangtze River Group Tour

Yin and Yangtze - 15 days

From initial inquiries to our departure we enjoyed every minute of the tour. We were looked after and the guides were of an extremely high standard.

Majestic China with Yangtze River Cruise

A Journey China With Yangtze River Cruise in 11 days- Private Tour

• Book With Flexibility This operator allows you to rebook your dates or tours with them for free, waiving change fees.

Shanghai & Yangtze Cruise - 16 days

Yangtze River Cruise from Chongqing to Yichang Downstream in 4 Days 3 Nights

Great experience in general. Would recommend to friends and family!

Yangtze River Cruise from Yichang to Chongqing Upstream in 5 Days 4 Nights

Thank you for a fantastic cruise, all the staff were very welcoming and really helpful. The shore excursions were great, the local tour guides were excellent, great English and very knowledgable.

Best of China Tour with Yangtze(Private Tailored)

This tour is amazing taking in all the popular tourist spots from Shanghai to Beijing.

China's Historical Legacy and Modernity with Yangtze River Cruise(Private Custom)

This tour is very good in creating a personalized tour based on what you want.

China - In the Land of the Long River

Customized Highlights of China with Daily Departure and Private Guide

Tailor-Made Cultural China Trip with Yangtze Cruise, Daily Departure

China Tour with Chengdu and Yangtze Cruise (Private Tailored)

This was a great customized vacation and the tour guides who met and travelled with us were exceptional. Odynovo is an exceptional travel company.

Reviews of Yangtze Cruises

Well organised and the agent Emily was always available and supportive with requests before and during my trip, good hotels used, guides were friendly and knowledgable.

Tour was good. Had various tour guides in different cities. Would have liked more free time though. Accommodation was good except Great Wall Bejing wasnt good. Broken toilet seat cuboards and v shabby. The air seats were not booked previously so had to sit apart. Yangtze river bit disappointing. Room v musty. Paid for upgrade. But overall we enjoyed the tour

Yangtze Tours starting in:

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Popular Cruise Ships

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Yangtze Cruises

About the yangtze river.

A Yangtze cruise is the only way to experience the legendary Yangtze River. The heart of China and the third longest river in the world (after the Nile and Amazon), the 3,915-mile Yangtze plunges from the Tibetan plateau to flow through the exquisitely beautiful and dramatic Three Gorges region on its way to Shanghai and the East China Sea. Your river cruise will take you through a variety of beautiful areas in the region, giving you a closer look at the many faces of China. As will be explained on your cruise, the Yangtze has long supported—and sometimes threatened—the people who live along its banks. Find itineraries for our Yangtze river cruises.

Yangtze River cruise travelers will be happy to learn that the Yangtze’s Three Gorges region boasts some of the world’s most spectacular landscapes, with misty mountains, breathtaking gorges, lush green bamboo groves and serene riverbanks. Along its long and winding course lie some of China’s greatest cultural treasures and natural wonders—unforgettable destinations on any Yangtze cruise.

The great Yangtze River rises in the Tibet Plateau and flows east across the entire width of China until it empties into the East China Sea near Shanghai, one of the many destinations on your China cruise tour. It bisects the country and has historically marked the division between north and south China.

The most dramatic part of the River is the Three Gorges region; all Viking’s Yangtze cruise itineraries include a cruise along this 150-mile stretch. The three larger gorges on the Yangtze are the Qutang Gorge, the shortest and narrowest of the three with the most spectacular scenery; the Wu (Witches) Gorge, noted for its magnificent lush green mountains frequently shrouded in mist, and the Xiling Gorge, at 47 miles the longest of the three, with narrow, precipitous cliffs. In addition to the three large gorges, you will take a special cruise boat up the Daning through the Lesser Three Gorges. Narrower than the great gorges, the canyon scenery is even more dramatic, and Yangtze River cruise travelers can see a number of historical sites along the way like hanging coffins and the ancient plank road carved into the cliffside. The Three Gorges experience on your Yangtze cruise also includes a visit to the dramatic 12-story red Shibaozhai Temple perched alongside the Yangtze, and a tour of the immense Three Gorges Dam project site and museum.

The Three Gorges Dam, originally envisioned by China’s first president Sun Yat-sen, will help control flooding along the Yangtze River, which has been a major problem for people living nearby. The rainy season in China is May and June south of the Yangtze River and July and August north of it, creating a four-month flooding season. Disastrous flood seasons in 1911 killed around 100,000; in 1931, 145,000; in 1935, 142,000; and in 1954, 33,000—this last flood covered the city of Wuhan for over 3 months. In 1998, flooding resulted in several thousand deaths, 14 million left homeless and $24 billion in economic losses. Touring the Three Gorges Dam is one of the highlights of any Yangtze River cruise; because of the monumental scale and ambitious nature of the project. In addition to flood control, the Dam is expected to produce 22,500 MW of hydroelectric power and to facilitate shipping by raising the water level. The specifics of the dam will be furthered explained by your knowledgeable local guide as you cruise through the dam’s five-level locks and tour its museum.

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Embark on an Unforgettable Yangtze River Cruise Adventure

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Unveil the Mysteries of the yangtze river boat cruises

Book your yangtze river cruise today, join us for an unforgettable adventure, award-winning service by cruise genie.

Join us at Yangtze River Boat Cruises , where every journey becomes a tale of discovery and luxury. Our cruises, designed by the award-winning team at Cruise Genie, offer an unparalleled exploration of China's most majestic river. With over 25 years of experience, our specialists ensure an unforgettable voyage through the heart of China, featuring stops at iconic destinations such as Fengdu "Ghost City," Shibaozhai Pagoda, White Emperor City, Lesser Three Gorges, and the serene Goddess Stream.

Why Cruise with Us?

Discover the benefits of choosing Yangtze River Boat Cruises for your next adventure:

• Expert Navigation of the Yangtze's Wonders: From the mystical Fengdu “Ghost City” to the majestic Shibaozhai Pagoda and the tranquil Goddess Stream, our itineraries are crafted to showcase the river's most breathtaking sights.
• Award-Winning Service: Cruise Genie's dedicated specialists bring decades of experience to ensure your journey is seamless, luxurious, and memorable.
• Immersive Cultural Experiences: Engage with the rich history and vibrant culture of the Yangtze River, enhanced by guided tours and exclusive insights.

Embark on a Voyage of Discovery with Yangtze River Boat Cruises

Discover the heart of China in unparalleled luxury with Yangtze River Boat Cruises. Our cruises, curated by the award-winning team at Cruise Genie, offer an exclusive journey through the Yangtze's most captivating landscapes and ancient sites. With over 25 years of experience, our specialists ensure each voyage is a seamless blend of adventure, relaxation, and cultural immersion.

Signature Destinations

Our cruises highlight the Yangtze's most enchanting destinations:

• Fengdu “Ghost City”: Explore the mystical realm of the afterlife, depicted through ancient temples and statues that honor the Chinese belief in spirits and the supernatural. This site offers a unique glimpse into China's rich spiritual heritage.
• Shibaozhai Pagoda: Marvel at this architectural wonder, a red pavilion that clings to the side of a cliff. This 12-story wooden structure, dating back to the Qing Dynasty, represents an ingenious blend of natural beauty and human craftsmanship.
• White Emperor City: Perched atop Baidi Mountain, this ancient temple complex offers breathtaking views of the Three Gorges. Steeped in legend and history, it's a portal to China's ancient past.
• Lesser Three Gorges: Experience the tranquil beauty of the Daning River, a tributary of the Yangtze. The Lesser Three Gorges, with their crystal-clear waters and towering cliffs, offer a serene escape into nature's embrace.
• Goddess Stream: Sail through this narrow, verdant gorge on the Yangtze's southern bank. The Goddess Stream whispers tales of ancient folklore amidst its stunning scenery, providing a peaceful journey through untouched wilderness.

At the heart of our Yangtze River cruises is the unparalleled service provided by Cruise Genie. Recognized for excellence, our team of cruise specialists—with an impressive average of 25 years in the industry—ensures every guest receives a personalized experience. From meticulously planned itineraries to expertly guided tours, and from gourmet dining to luxurious accommodations, we go above and beyond to make your journey unforgettable.

Our commitment to quality and attention to detail has earned us accolades, but it's the glowing testimonials from our guests that truly measure our success. With Cruise Genie, you're not just booking a cruise; you're embarking on a journey of discovery, comfort, and awe-inspiring moments.

Yangtze River Boat Cruises invites you to discover the beauty, history, and culture of the Yangtze. From the mystical Fengdu "Ghost City" and the majestic Shibaozhai Pagoda to the serene landscapes of the Lesser Three Gorges and the enchanting Goddess Stream, each destination offers a story, a revelation, and a memory to cherish.

At Yangtze River Boat Cruises , we're dedicated to making your cruise not just a vacation, but a journey filled with awe-inspiring moments, cultural enrichment, and luxurious relaxation. With our expertly designed itineraries, state-of-the-art vessels, and the personalized service of our Cruise Genie specialists, your Yangtze River adventure awaits. Book your cruise today and set sail on a journey of discovery and wonder.

RIVER CRUISING IS HOT!!!

The cruise industry's greatest success story in the past two decades has been the surge in growth and popularity of river cruises. With an ever increasing number of new river cruise lines and river boats introduced, and river cruise companies adding new itineraries to more destinations, coupled with the ever expanding interest in river cruises by the traditional ocean cruising population looking for something new, many more lucky travelers are able to enjoy the more intimate, immersive and attentive experience that river cruises bring to the world!

River cruising is a type of travel that involves navigating a river on a small, often luxurious, ship. Unlike ocean cruises, river cruises take passengers on journeys through inland waterways, such as the Danube, Rhine, Nile, Yangtze, Mekong, and many other rivers around the world. River cruises typically offer a more intimate and relaxed experience than ocean cruises, with smaller ships and fewer passengers. The itineraries often focus on exploring smaller towns and cities along the river, allowing passengers to get a closer look at the local culture and history. This can include visits to historical landmarks, museums, and cultural sites, as well as opportunities to sample local food and wine. River cruises often include a variety of amenities and services, such as fine dining, entertainment, educational lectures, and excursions. Some river cruises are all-inclusive, while others offer optional add-ons for certain activities or services. River cruising has become a popular way to explore Europe, Asia, and other regions of the world, with many cruise lines offering a wide variety of itineraries and ship sizes to suit different preferences and budgets.

With so many River Cruise Companies vying for this ever increasing number of passengers, each claiming to be the best option in the Budget, First Class or Deluxe categories, it has becomes quite difficult for travelers to know which is the best River Cruise Company, River Boat, Destination or Itinerary for them! Without years of experience and the knowledge and access to information that those years bring, consumers run the risk of paying more than they need to, or getting less than they expected to!

That is where we come in! RiverCruiseLines.com, a service of Smart Traveler and MisterCruise.com, puts you in touch with the best cruise counselors for your lifestyle and budget - and our service is FREE.

In fact, we guarantee that, at the time of your river cruise reservation, you will never pay more than if you booked it yourself directly! In addition to absolutely NOT paying more using our services, for over 80% of our reservations, our customers pay less, sometimes much less, than if they booked it themselves!

So, please, look around, get some ideas, and whenever you feel ready for some assistance, simply fill out the River Cruise Quote Request Form. You will enjoy exceptional value when you book your discount river cruises and discount luxury cruises with RiverCruiseLines.com. Act now for the best deals on Yangtze River Cruises, Nile River Cruises, Europe River Cruises or Mississippi River Cruises and sail away with bonus offers such as free onboard spending and free upgrades. Plus, discount river cruises include all meals, accommodations, and countless onboard activities. Discount river cruises are the way to save — plan your cruise vacation of a lifetime before these phenomenal river cruise deals are gone.

"Mister Cruise" Peter Coloyan Sr. President, Smart Traveler

RIVERS UPDATE - River cruises continue to be discontinued until further notice on all rivers of the Ukraine and Russia.

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RIVER CRUISE specialist!!!

A river cruise specialist can be a valuable resource for anyone who is considering a river cruise anywhere in the world! Often selling at group discounted prices, which can save you hundreds, or even thousands of dollars, they can help maximize the value of any budget to add days to your river cruise vacation, upgrade your experience, or both!

Here are some ways in which they can help

Knowledge of destinations.

River Cruise Specialists have extensive knowledge about the different river cruise destinations available worldwide. They can provide information on the various ports of call, cultural attractions, and local experiences that each destination has to offer. This information can help you make an informed decision about which river cruise itinerary will best suit your interests and preferences.

Expertise on Cruise Lines & Ships

River Cruise Specialists can provide information about the different river cruise lines and ships that service various destinations worldwide. They can help you choose the best cruise line for your specific needs, taking into account your budget, travel style, and desired level of comfort.

Experience and Advice

River Cruise Specialists the experience and expertise to provide valuable advice on how to get the best value for your river cruise dollar. They can offer insider deals, promotions, and discounts, as well as provide guidance on how to choose the right cabin category and when to book.

Customization

River Cruise Specialists can help you customize your river cruise experience, tailoring it to your specific interests and preferences. They can help you choose the right shore excursions, onboard activities, and dining experiences to ensure that your river cruise is a truly personalized and memorable experience.

River Cruise Specialists can help you navigate the wide range of options available for worldwide river cruises, providing you with the knowledge, expertise, and advice you need to make an informed decision and get the best value for your river cruise dollar.

Don’t make a costly mistake by booking online or direct. Only a live, experienced River Cruise Specialist can provide the personalized service, experience, access to proprietary pricing, and knowledge of all amenities on the different lines, and ships – and can help compare multiple options! They can also provide additional travel arrangements, such as airfare, travel insurance, pre or post cruise stays and local excursions.

Plus, getting your river cruise booked is only the core part of the process for a successful, less stressful vacation experience. Advice and assistance with your river cruise travel document requirements, travel safety, health requirements, luggage delivery and all other concierge services can best be provided by a River Cruise Specialist!

Completing our River Cruise Quote Request form is the first step to getting true expert advice.. We have been selling, and sailing, river cruises since 1984. We can help you find what is right for you! For avid river cruisers, please join our mailing list, as we will soon be announcing special, Concierge escorted river cruises for those traveling single, with special needs, 55+, and niche cruises for wildlife viewing experiences, Food & Wine, and more!

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Save up to 50% on river cruises contact us today.

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• 3 Nights Cruises
• 4 Nights Cruises
• Sailing Dates
• Food Onboard
• Cruise Service
• Onboard Activites
• Qutang Gorge
• Xiling Gorge
• Snow Jade Cave
• White Emperor City
• Three Gorges Dam
• Three Gorges Dam Ship Lift
• Tribe of the Three Gorges
• Lesser Three Gorges
• “Romance of the Three Kingdoms” Live Show
• Mt. Wuling Great Rift Valley

Quality at Our Core

All handpicked tours are at high quality standards. No traps! No hidden cost!

Best Price Guarantee

Worry-free booking and get price match within 72 hours of order confirmation.

Top Notch Support

We are always here to offer help, before, during, and even after your trip.

Damei Cruises boasts three luxurious cruise ships featuring with both Chinese culture and modern elements. We are proud to offer you the unforgettable Yangtze River cruises with all the comfort and elegance.

Year Built: 2021 Tonnage: 16,000T Length: 492 ft (149.9 m) Beam: 76 ft (23.2 m) Decks: 7 Capacity: 650

Year Built: 2014 Tonnage: 9,530T Length: 390 ft (119 m) Beam: 62 ft (18.8 m) Decks: 6 Capacity: 400

Year Built: 2012 Tonnage: 7,800T Length: 305 ft (92.93 m) Beam: 62 ft (18.8 m) Decks: 6 Capacity: 234

Search Yangtze River Cruises

Cruise experience.

The cozy stateroom with a private balcony ensures you enjoying the picturesque scenery just from your room.

From the Chinese cuisines to the western food, there must be one that could tickle your taste buds.

Your safety and hygiene are top priorities, and they are the basis we provide you a memorable Yangtze cruise journey!

Besides the shore excursions, our special activities are also the highlights of your Yangtze River cruises.

Why Book With Us?

400,000+ Customers

10+ years safe sailing with 400,000+ travelers.

Award Winning

CSS Green Ship & excellent tourism group

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Privacy Overview

Presidential suite perks & amenities.

• Luggage Handling Service at Ports
• Midnight Snacks (except boarding day)
• Nightly Turn Down Service
• Private Butler Service
• Unlimited Laundry Service During Cruise
• A complimentary bottle of wine
• Daily Fruit Basket
• A La Carte Dining (ONCE Experience)
• Complimentary Luxury HERMÈS Toiletries
• Complimentary Mini Bar Drinks
• Private Meeting with Captain
• Private Tour Guide for Shore Excursions
• Complimentary Dinner on Embarkation Night
• VIP Dining Room
• Express check-in & check-out
• VIP Seats for Onboard Shows with Soft Drinks
• Nightly Milk before Sleep
• Daily Pastries
• Complimentary tour to the Bridge
• Room Service
• Port Transfers in Chongqing & Yichang
• Complimentary tea & coffee at Exploring Lounge
• Souvenir before Check-Out

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Notice! 2024 available cruise routes include 4~5 days Chongqing-Yichang(most classic) and 11~12 days Chongqing-Yichang-Shanghai(limited).

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Yangtze River Cruise Routes, Itineraries & Lines 2024/2025

In the year of 2024/2025, we China Discovery offer the Yangtze River cruise sailing between Chongqing and Yichang , which is the best and golden section along the Yangtze River, both for Yangtze cruise new travellers and people visiting for the second or more time.

For travellers to enjoy the fantastic view of the Yangtze, highlights of the Three Gorges and other outstanding shore excursion attractions, there are:

• • 4 days & 3 nights Chongqing to Yichang Downstream Cruise
• • 5 days & 4 nights Yichang to Chongqing Upstream Cruise

Chosen by most Yangtze River cruise travellers and received good reviews and feedbacks about the sightseeing, enjoyment, cruise onboard experience and other aspects. And all Yangtze River cruise lines offer the Chongqing Yichang cruise routes and have been operating the cruises between Chongqing and Yichang for so many years. Now they all become professional, luxury, and reputable for your selection.

Also, in , we provide the new and special cruise between Shanghai and Wuhan for the enjoyment of the middle and lower reach of Yangtze River and the romantic charm of Jiangnan area in southeast China, which is only offered for Century Sky , an outstanding cruise ship of Century Cruises for your relaxing and luxury experience onboard. For your interests and needs, there are:

Note: in 2024, there are only Yangtze River cruises sailing between Chongqing and Yichang.

• • 4 days & 3 nights Nanjing Shanghai Downstream Cruises
• • 4 days & 3 nights Shanghai Nanjing Upstream Cruises
• • 7 days & 6 nights Wuhan Shanghai Downstream Cruises
• • 7 days & 6 nights Shanghai Wuhan Upstream Cruises

Besides, there are cruise routes between Chongqing and Shanghai also offered by Century Sky:

• • 11 days & 10 nights Chongqing Shanghai Downstream Cruise
• • 11 days & 10 nights Shanghai Chongqing Upstream Cruise

4-5 Days Chongqing Yichang Cruise Routes

Yangtze River Chongqing Yichang Cruise Route Map

4 Days & 3 Nights Chongqing to Yichang Downstream Cruise

The downstream cruise from Chongqing takes 3 nights and 4 days to give travellers an essence tour to the Yangtze River in China. In this cruise trip, traveller guests would get on the cruise ship at Chongqing Chaotianmen Port, and leave the ship at Maoping Port to visit the Three Gorges Dam Site, and take the arranged bus to Yichang Three Gorges Center Cruise Terminal to end the cruise tour.

On day 1, arrive in Chongqing , reach Chongqing Chaotianmen Port and get on your cruise ship after about 18:00 at the correct dock informed by your Travel Consultant. And ship would depart from Chongqing at around 21:00 at night.

On day 2, take shore excursion visits to the Shibaozhai Pagoda or Fengdu Ghost City. During this day, enjoy the multiple interesting cultural activities and lectures onboard the ship.

On day 3, sail through the Three Gorges, appreciate the magnificent and amazing sightseeing of the Qutang Gorge, Wu Gorge and Xiling Gorge, and pay a visit to the famous White Emperor City or Shennv Stream to explore more culture and sceneries. Have fun with the night entertainment and shows.

On day 4, after the breakfast, there are two kinds of arrangements.

Arrangement A, take an optional experience of the Ship Lift and visit the great Three Gorges Dam Site to marvel at the unbelievable skills and wisdom of Chinese people. After the sightseeing, take the arranged bus to Yichang Three Gorges Center Cruise Terminal. Cruise tour ends;

Arrangement B, Visit the Three Gorges Dam Site and take the arranged bus to Yichang Three Gorges Center Cruise Terminal. Cruise tour ends

Recommended cruise lines

Victoria Cruises: the ONLY American-managed cruise company on the Yangtze River, with the best services onboard and nice prices.

Century Paragon & Century Legend : star Yangtze River cruises with reputed European-style management and services, 2024/2025 Newest and luxury Century Cruise ships.

President No.7 & President No.8 : top Largest and Newest Yangtze cruise ships of President Cruises in 2024/2025.

Besides, all Yangtze River cruise ships (except Century Sky) serve with such 3 nights and 4 days cruise route, you can find your favorite cruise to enjoy to the most.

Check the detailed itinerary of the 4 Days & 3 Nights Downstream Cruise from Chongqing to Yichang .

Since this upstream Yangtze River cruise from Yichang to Chongqing needs 5 days and 4 nights to enjoy, it is relatively with more relaxing pace, and it is a better choice for visitors who expect for a more leisure tour and who have a longer vacation. In this cruise tour, you gather at Yichang Three Gorges Center Cruise Terminal / Yichang East Railway Station for the shuttle bus to Maoping Port for embarkation, and end the tour by leaving the cruise at Chaotianmen Port in Chongqing city.

On day 1, during about 16:00-21:00, gather at Yichang Three Gorges Center Cruise Terminal or Yichang East Railway Station and take the arranged bus to Maoping Port to board the ship.

On day 2, sail through the Xiling Gorge, take a shore excursion to the Tribe of Three Gorges (usually as an optional shore excursion site), the world famous Three Gorges Dam site.

On day 3, sail through the Wu gorge and Qutang Gorge to appreciate the super primitive natural sightseeing, visit the Shennv Stream to enjoy the serene landscape and the White Emperor City to know more about profound Chinese culture and history.

On day 4, pay a visit to Shibaozhai Pagoda or Fengdu Ghost City. Have fun with the various activities and entertainments onboard. Enjoy a great time on the Captain’s Farewell Party at night.

On day 5, arrive in Chongqing Chaotianmen Port. After breakfast, leave the ship at about 09:00. Your cruise comes to a perfect end.

Recommended cruise line

All Century Cruises (except Century Sky), Victoria Cruises , President Cruises , Yangtze Gold Cruises , Changjiang Cruises and Yangtze Explorer have been offering the upstream Yichang to Chongqing cruises for many years. Choose your ideal ship to start the wonderful trip on the Yangtze River.

Check the detailed itinerary of the 5 Days & 4 Nights Upstream Cruise from Yichang to Chongqing .

Since the Yangtze River upstream and downstream cruise routes between Chongqing and Yichang are different, here at below are some major differences between the 5 days route and 4 days route to have a clearer comparison of each one when planning your own Yangtze River cruise tour in China.

11 Days Chongqing Shanghai Cruise Route

Yangtze River Chongqing Shanghai Cruise Route Map

Note: Chongqing Shanghai cruises are not available in the whole 2024!

Compared to the 4-5 days Chongqing Yichang cruise, the Chongqing Shanghai cruise is the most relaxing cruise route, with the whole journey covering 2,644 kilometers. For both upstream cruise from Shanghai and downstream from Chongqing, it needs 11 days and 10 nights to offer you a real laid-back sailing.

During this leisure cruise trip, you will not only visit the ordinary shore excursion sites in the Three Gorges area, but also enjoy the awesome city appearance of Shanghai and Chongqing municipalities, pay a visit to the notable Jingdezhen that is the City of Ceramics in China, Museum and picturesque lake in Wuhan city, famous cultural and historical sites in Nanjing, best preserved ancient city wall in Jingzhou city, national renowned Mount Jiuhua in Chizhou city, and so on, to enjoy more highlights of culture, history, sceneries, and folk charms along the Yangtze River.

If you got any questions or have already decided which route to choose, just tell our Travel Consultant who will help to customize your special Yangtze River tour sincerely!

7~9 Days Chongqing Shanghai Cruise Routes

It is the most relaxing cruise route between Chongqing and Shanghai, for the whole journey (about 2644 kilometers) takes 6 nights and 7 days downstream from Chongqing to Shanghai, and 8 nights and 9 days upstream from Shanghai to Chongqing.

Besides the ordinary shore excursions in Three Gorges Area, this route also provide land excursions to Mount Jiuhua and some other historical & cultural sites, such as Museums in Wuhan city , and Confucian Temple in Nanjing , where you can get a better understanding about the local culture along the Yangtze River.

Please Note: The longest and most relaxing Chongqing Shanghai routes make a stop in Wuhan city that travelers can embark/disembark at Wuhan Port. If you are interested in Chongqing Wuhan curise, please feel free to let us know and we'll book the ship for you.

Plan a China Tour with Yangtze Cruises?

Check our the top Yangtze River tours , which covers the classic highlights of China with a luxury cruise on Yangtze. Remember, all can be customized to satisfy your needs .

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Recommended Tours

Top 3 tours chosen by most customers to explore in the best way. Check the detailed itinerary, or tailor your own trip now with us.

7 Days Shanghai & Yangtze Cruise Tour (Upstream)

Shanghai / Yichang / Yangtze Cruise / Chongqing

11 Days China Golden Triangle Tour with Yangtze River Cruise

Beijing / Xian / Chongqing / Yangtze Cruise / Yichang / Shanghai

13 Days Classic China Vacation Tour with Yangtze Cruise

Beijing / Xian / Guilin / Yangshuo / Yangtze Cruise / Shanghai

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Yangtzeriver.org is a leading online travel agent, a subordinate of China Travel. What we do is to help customers choose a suitable ship and cabin among 26 international-class ships and to make reservations for them.

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When you “pay now” instantly online, we will upgrade your cabin to a higher floor for a better view of the river. Customers in president’s-suite or executive-suite rooms benefit from VIP treatment such as free Wi-Fi, dining at the VIP restaurant, special complimentary coffee/tea or local beer & house wines, and other inclusive benefits.

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President no.8.

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President No.8 is the 2024 top family-friendly, large and luxury Yangtze ship . Specially designing 230 sets of family-friendly cabins & suites and spacious public facilities, it is particularly a competitive choice for family visitors with kids to enjoy the classic Yangtze River cruise trip in leisure and fun, at a " LOW PRICE "!

Cruise Route:

• 3N & 4D Chongqing - Yichang Cruise
• 4N & 5D Yichang - Chongqing Cruise

• •This price range is based on a standard cabin for twin sharing, valid until Feb.28, 2025.
• •Please enquiry for the exact price according to your nationality, cruising time and cruising route.
• •Please quote us for the price may change during China's Golden Week (the first week of October) and Spring Festival.
• •Reference exchange rate of USD 1= RMB 6.90. The USD quote is based on current exchange rate, and it may change according the currency fluctuation, while the RMB quotation will remain the same.

President No.8 Overview

President No.8 took her maiden voyage on April 26th, 2013. As one of the top family-friendly, large and competitive luxury Yangtze River cruise ship , President No.8 sets a new standard of deluxe Yangtze ships of President Fleet and is favored by lots of international visitors to the Three Gorges.

Constructed to 146.8 meter in length and 20.2 meter, to the maximum limitation of Yangtze shipping, President No.8 is a large Yangtze cruises with abundant area for guests onboard. President No.8 has totally 230 spacious and luxurious rooms for 460 dear guests, including 215 luxury standard rooms, 12 luxury executive rooms on the top deck, and 2 presidential suites on the fore side of 3rd deck. Decorated in the blending traditional Chinese and classic European style, it provides a luxurious hotel for vacation relaxation for all world visitors. Besides, specially designed for customers who travel with family , President No. 8 offers 100 luxury standard cabins which can be upgraded into triple rooms for family with kids. If you are traveling with family members, it is surely your top choice. Besides, it is also an excellent ship to select with the diverse fancy public facilities, new technologies and careful consideration on some details, including large sun deck, extraordinary dining halls, SPA, theater, mini golf, swimming pool, gift shop, KTV, etc.

Why Choose President No.8?

Advanced Special Facilities

Stylish Accommodation for Landscape Admiration

Memorable Trip of Entertainment and Fun

• Top Best Family-friendly Ship: Specially considered the needs of family travelers, President No.8 arranged 100 luxurious cabins into a transformable type, which can be changed into triple rooms for family visitors with kids. Besides, the colorful Children’s Paradise on 6F is the great place to spend more harmonious and fun time with your darling!

2024 President No.8 Cruise Routes

3 Nights & 4 Days Chongqing - Yichang Cruise

Most popular downstream itinerary to see the best significant mountains and gorges of Yangtze.

Destinations: Mount Shuanggui, Shennong Stream, Three Gorges Dam...

4 Nights & 5 Days Yichang - Chongqing Cruise

Another classic upstream route to appreciate the golden section of Yangtze with a more leisure pace.

What to Expect on President No.8?

Reception Desk and abundant public places for fun, relax, convenience, etc. are arranged on the ship. Check to find their locations.

230 stylish, large and luxury rooms in 3 types all with private balcony give you a sound sleep with during the sailing trip!

Parties, activities and events, a simple drinking, body relax, etc. are arranged all onboard for your happiest days on vacation!

2 nice restaurants prepare rich flavors of authentic Chinese cuisines with a mix of Western specialties. Hearty and healthy!

Schedule of President No.8

• The above price range is based on a standard cabin for twin sharing.
• The prices are valid by Dec.31 of the year.
• Please enquire us of the exact price according to your nationality, cruising time and cruising route.
• The cruise prices for holidays such as National Holiday (the first week of October), Labor Day, Spring Festival, etc., are quoted upon request.
• Limited winter schedules may be adjusted into other dates, cruise ships, etc. based on the arrangement of the cruise company.

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Yangtze River Tours

The Yangtze River, China's mightiest river, is the world's most powerful river outside the tropics. Originating on the Tibetan Plateau, it travels 6,400 km (4,000 miles) to the East China Sea at Shanghai. It is prominent in China's history and economy, and also connects several major cities and spectacular landscapes of China.

Enjoying a cruise on the Yangtze is the best way to explore this great river and the some of the best landscapes along the way. It is recommended to combine it with other popular destinations on your first China tour. If you are an expat in China, a Yangtze River tour is also a good idea for a short break.

We are ready to offer the best suggestions and tips, arrange cruises and other bookings, transport, guiding, and support to ensure you a hassle-free Yangtze River tour.

Popular Yangtze River Tours

The itinerary below are suggested for a Yangtze River tour or a China tour including a Yangtze River Cruise. All of them can be customized according to your interested and schedule.

• Three Gorges cruising
• "Mountain City" Chongqing
• China's "Golden Triangle"
• Yangtze River cruise
• Yangtze cruise + China essence
• Panda volunteer program
• Sail the Lovely Li River
• Cruise the Magnificent Yangtze
• Essence of China
• Natural wonders
• Highlights of China
• Panda experience

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Tips for Yangtze River Tours

There are four Yangtze Cruise routes (in order of popularity):

• From Chongqing to Yichang (downstream) takes 3 nights and 4 days.
• From Yichang to Chongqing (upstream) takes 4 nights and 5 days.
• From Chongqing to Shanghai (downstream) take 6 nights and 7 days.
• From Shanghai to Chongqing (upstream) takes 8 nights and 9 days.

The highlights lie between Chongqing and Yichang. Read more

Yangtze River cruises are possible all the year round. The high season is from April to October, when the prices of cruise tickets are a little higher than in colder months.

The middle season months (April, May, September, and October) are often recommended for the most comfortable temperatures and gorgeous gorges scenery of flowering hills or fall hues.

July and August are the rainy season months. The water level is highest and the water color could be yellow. However, in this season, the view from the Three Gorges Dam is more spectacular because of the awesome flood discharge.

As the passenger capacity on cruise ships is fixed, the Yangtze River cruise ship experience will not be affected by crowds, even on public holidays in China (particularly Labor Day and Chinese National Day), though there may be many more tourists at shore excursion sites. Read more

Chongqing, Yichang, and Shanghai are the port cities for Yangtze River cruises. Chongqing and Shanghai are the major cities of China. They can be reached easily by flights or bullet trains. Chongqing is not far by flight or bullet train from Xi'an, Chengdu, and Guilin, which are popular China tour destinations. Shanghai is normally is the last stop on a China tour, so that's ideal if you want a long downstream cruise. Yichang is a small city. There are fewer flights and bullet trains to and from it. It is more difficult to connect with other popular destinations, except Zhangjiajie by 5-hour train.

Don't worry about the connections if you travel with China Highlights. Just tell us the places you would like to include in your tour and leave the logistics to your travel advisor. Whatever else you want in a China tour, we'll ensure you can enjoy a well-designed once-in-a-life-time Yangtze River tour.

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Passing Thru Travel

Navigating 15 Majestic Rivers – A 2024 Guide to River Cruises and Expeditions

Posted: February 21, 2024 | Last updated: February 21, 2024

Embark on a journey through the veins of our planet – its great rivers. This guide will take you through the most iconic river expeditions, offering a unique perspective on the landscapes, cultures, and histories of various regions. From the Danube’s serene waters to the Amazon’s wild rapids, each river tells a story waiting to be explored.

1. The Amazon River, South America

Your adventure on the Amazon River immerses you in the densest rainforest on Earth. Starting from Iquitos, Peru, this expedition brings you face-to-face with a vast ecosystem, home to an incredible variety of wildlife. Cruising down this river, expect to encounter pink river dolphins, sloths, and a multitude of bird species. Night expeditions add an extra thrill, revealing the nocturnal life of the Amazon. The sounds of the jungle, coupled with the knowledgeable guides, make this a nature lover’s paradise.

Insider’s Tip: Book a small boat tour for a more intimate wildlife experience.

When To Travel: May to June for lower water levels and better wildlife sightings.

How To Get There: Fly to Lima, Peru, and then take a domestic flight to Iquitos.

2. The Nile River, Egypt

Cruise the Nile and step into a world of ancient wonders. The journey typically begins in Luxor or Aswan, taking you through a landscape dotted with temples and historical sites. You’ll see the Luxor Temple illuminated at night, the imposing statues of Ramses II at Abu Simbel, and traditional feluccas sailing the river. This cruise isn’t just about sightseeing; it’s an immersion into the heart of ancient Egyptian civilization, with each stop narrating a chapter from its rich history.

Insider’s Tip: Visit during late fall to avoid the scorching summer heat.

When To Travel: October to April for cooler temperatures.

How To Get There: Fly to Cairo, then take a domestic flight to Luxor.

3. The Danube River, Europe

A Danube River cruise is a picturesque journey through the heart of Europe. The river passes through historic cities and beautiful landscapes, offering a mix of cultural and natural attractions. You’ll explore Vienna’s architectural splendor, Regensburg’s medieval charm, and Budapest’s vibrant culture. Each city along the Danube has its own unique appeal, from grand palaces and museums to quaint villages and local markets.

Insider’s Tip: Look for cruises that offer cultural tours in each city.

When To Travel: May to September for pleasant weather.

How To Get There: Fly to a major city like Budapest or Vienna to start your journey.

4. The Mississippi River, USA

The Mississippi River cruise offers a deep dive into the heart of American culture and history. The cruise heads north through the American heartland, starting from the vibrant New Orleans, famous for its jazz and Creole cuisine. You’ll pass historic river towns, witness the rolling landscapes of the Midwest, and learn about the river’s role in America’s development. Onboard, enjoy live jazz, lectures about the river’s history, and Southern hospitality.

Insider’s Tip: Spend a few extra days in New Orleans for its rich musical heritage.

When To Travel: Spring or fall for moderate weather.

How To Get There: Fly into New Orleans or Minneapolis, depending on your starting point.

5. The Yangtze River, China

Your journey on the Yangtze River will take you through the heart of China, offering a blend of modern wonders and ancient traditions. The highlight of the cruise is the breathtaking Three Gorges, where steep cliffs rise dramatically from the water. Beyond the natural beauty, you’ll experience the engineering marvel of the Three Gorges Dam and explore lesser-known sites like the Shibaozhai Pagoda. The cruise provides insights into China’s history and culture, with stops in bustling cities and tranquil villages.

Insider’s Tip: Opt for a cruise that includes a visit to the Lesser Three Gorges.

When To Travel: April to October for the best river conditions.

How To Get There: Fly to major cities like Chongqing or Shanghai, depending on your itinerary.

6. The Rhine River, Europe

The Rhine River cruise is a journey through European history and culture. Starting from Amsterdam, the river takes you through the heart of Germany and into Switzerland, with stops at historic cities, medieval castles, and vineyard-covered hills. The Middle Rhine Valley, a UNESCO World Heritage site, is particularly stunning, with its picturesque villages and the legendary Lorelei Rock. Each port along the Rhine offers its own unique attractions, from Gothic cathedrals to lively beer gardens.

Insider’s Tip: Take a vineyard tour in one of the quaint towns along the river.

When To Travel: April to October for pleasant cruising weather.

How To Get There: Fly to Amsterdam or Basel to start your journey.

7. The Mekong River, Southeast Asia

A cruise down the Mekong River is an exploration of Southeast Asia’s diverse cultures and landscapes. The journey often begins in Vietnam’s vibrant Ho Chi Minh City, winding through rural landscapes and floating markets before reaching the mystical temples of Angkor Wat in Cambodia. Along the way, you’ll witness daily life on the river, visit local artisans, and taste regional specialties. The Mekong’s rich cultural tapestry is matched only by its scenic beauty, with lush greenery and traditional villages lining its banks.

Insider’s Tip: Extend your trip to explore the Angkor Wat temple complex.

When To Travel: November to February for cooler, drier weather.

How To Get There: Fly to Ho Chi Minh City or Siem Reap to begin your cruise.

8. The Volga River, Russia

The Volga River cruise is a window into Russia’s soul, connecting the cosmopolitan cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg with the quieter, historic towns along the river. Moscow’s Red Square and the Kremlin, the opulent palaces of St. Petersburg, and the ancient towns of Russia’s Golden Ring provide a rich tapestry of Russian history and culture. With its serene landscapes and diverse wildlife, the river offers a peaceful backdrop to the bustling cities.

Insider’s Tip: Try traditional Russian dishes like borscht and pelmeni on board.

When To Travel: May to September for warmer weather.

How To Get There: Start your journey in either Moscow or St. Petersburg.

9. The Douro River, Portugal

Cruising the Douro River takes you through Portugal’s famous wine country, renowned for its Port wine production. Starting from the coastal city of Porto, the cruise travels through the Douro Valley, with its terraced vineyards and quaint villages. You’ll have opportunities to visit local wineries, taste regional cuisine, and explore historic towns like Peso da Régua and Pinhão. The Douro’s scenic beauty is a constant companion, with its rolling hills and serene waters.

Insider’s Tip: Take a port wine-tasting tour in one of the vineyards.

When To Travel: March to October for the best weather and wine harvest season.

How To Get There: Fly to Porto to start your river cruise.

10. The Ganges River, India

A cruise on the Ganges takes you through the spiritual heart of India. Starting from the historic city of Kolkata, the journey heads towards the holy city of Varanasi, passing through rural Bengal with its traditional villages and temples. The Ganges is not just a river; it’s a lifeline for millions and a sacred entity in Hinduism. Witnessing the river’s rituals, from the daily baths to the grand aarti ceremonies, is a profoundly moving experience.

Insider’s Tip: Witness the evening aarti ceremony in Varanasi for a spiritual experience.

When To Travel: October to March for cooler temperatures.

How To Get There: Fly to New Delhi and take a domestic flight or train to Varanasi.

11. The Amazon River, Brazil

The Brazilian Amazon offers a unique river experience, navigating through the world’s largest rainforest and its intricate network of tributaries. Starting from Manaus, you’ll venture deep into the jungle, exploring its diverse flora and fauna. The expedition includes visits to remote indigenous communities, offering a glimpse into their way of life. The Amazon’s wildlife is a major draw, with chances to see monkeys, birds, and perhaps even the elusive jaguar.

Insider’s Tip: Pack insect-repellent and lightweight, long-sleeved clothing for jungle excursions.

When To Travel: July to December for the dry season and better wildlife viewing.

How To Get There: Fly to Manaus, the main gateway for Brazilian Amazon cruises.

12. The Seine River, France

Cruising the Seine River combines the romance of Paris with the charm of France’s countryside. The journey typically starts or ends in the French capital, allowing time to explore its iconic landmarks. As you sail away from Paris, the Seine takes you through picturesque landscapes and historic towns like Rouen and Honfleur. The river’s pace is leisurely, offering ample time to soak in the scenery and enjoy the French way of life.

Insider’s Tip: Enjoy a Parisian evening meal on the riverbank for a memorable experience.

When To Travel: April to October for pleasant cruising conditions.

How To Get There: Start your journey in Paris, easily accessible by international flights.

13. The Zambezi River, Africa

Embark on a journey down the Zambezi River in Africa for a truly unique cruising experience. As you navigate these waters, you’ll be awed by the majestic Victoria Falls, one of the planet’s largest and most stunning waterfalls. This adventure isn’t just about the breathtaking scenery; it’s also an opportunity to witness the rich African wildlife that inhabits the riverbanks. Hippos, crocodiles, and various bird species are just some of the fauna you might encounter. For an insider tip, consider taking a sunset cruise to witness the falls bathed in golden hues.

Insider’s Tip: Take a sunset cruise for stunning views of Victoria Falls.

When To Travel: May to October for the dry season and optimal wildlife viewing.

How To Get There: Fly to Livingstone, Zambia, or Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe.

14. The Chobe River, Botswana/Namibia

The Chobe River, straddling the borders of Botswana and Namibia, offers a unique cruising experience that doubles as an extraordinary safari adventure. This river delineates the northern edge of the famous Chobe National Park, a sanctuary renowned for its massive elephant populations and diverse wildlife. As you cruise along the river, you can expect to see large herds of elephants bathing, along with a variety of other animals quenching their thirst along the banks. A river safari is highly recommended for those seeking an even closer encounter with nature.

Insider’s Tip: Opt for a river safari for close-up wildlife encounters.

When To Travel: May to October for the dry season, ideal for wildlife spotting.

How To Get There: Fly to Kasane, Botswana, to start your river safari.

15. The Irrawaddy River, Myanmar

A cruise along the Irrawaddy River explores Myanmar’s rich historical tapestry and vibrant cultural heritage. This journey is more than just a scenic ride; it’s a passage through time, where you’ll witness the enduring legacy of ancient civilizations. As the river winds through Myanmar, you’ll encounter spectacular sights such as the ancient pagodas, traditional villages, and the historic city of Bagan, a site renowned for its thousands of temples and stupas. These architectural marvels offer a glimpse into a past era of opulent kingdoms and spiritual devotion. For an authentic experience, visit a local village to immerse yourself in the daily life and customs of the Burmese people.

Insider’s Tip: Visit a local village for an authentic glimpse into Burmese life.

How To Get There: Fly to Yangon or Mandalay, where many cruises begin.

The Bottom Line

River cruises offer a unique way to explore the world, combining the comfort of travel with the excitement of discovery. Each river has its own character, culture, and history, making every journey distinct. As you chart your course down these majestic waterways, you’re not just a traveler but an explorer uncovering the stories that flow through the heart of our world. So, pack your bags, set sail, and let the river’s current guide you to new adventures.

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The post Navigating 15 Majestic Rivers – A 2024 Guide to River Cruises and Expeditions was republished on Passing Thru with permission from The Green Voyage .

Featured Image Credit: Shutterstock / Calin Stan.

For transparency, this content was partly developed with AI assistance and carefully curated by an experienced editor to be informative and ensure accuracy.

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• Published: 18 April 2024

Sustained increase in suspended sediments near global river deltas over the past two decades

• Xuejiao Hou 1 , 2 ,
• Danghan Xie   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-7594-2727 2 , 3 ,
• Lian Feng   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-4590-3022 4 ,
• Fang Shen 5 &
• Jaap H. Nienhuis   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-4296-7450 2  

Nature Communications volume  15 , Article number:  3319 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

Metrics details

• Environmental impact
• Marine chemistry

River sediments play a critical role in sustaining deltaic wetlands. Therefore, concerns are raised about wetlands’ fate due to the decline of river sediment supply to many deltas. However, the dynamics and drivers of suspended sediment near deltaic coasts are not comprehensively assessed, and its response to river sediment supply changes remains unclear. Here we examine patterns of coastal suspended sediment concentration (SSC) and river sediment plume area (RPA) for 349 deltas worldwide using satellite images from 2000 to 2020. We find a global increase in SSC and RPA, averaging +0.46% and +0.48% yr −1 , respectively, with over 59.0% of deltas exhibiting an increase in both SSC and RPA. SSC and RPA increases are prevalent across all continents, except for Asia. The relationship between river sediment supply and coastal SSCs varies between deltas, with as much as 45.2% of the deltas showing opposing trends between river sediments and coastal SSCs. This is likely because of the impacts of tides, waves, salinity, and delta morphology. Our observed increase in SSCs near river delta paints a rare promising picture for wetland resilience against sea-level rise, yet whether this increase will persist remains uncertain.

Introduction

Suspended sediments in the coastal ocean play a crucial role in maintaining coastal wetlands, marine ecosystems 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , and deltas 5 . In recent decades, various global-scale assessments have highlighted a decline in sediment supply from many rivers due to the construction of river dams 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 . Such a decline is often assumed to limit coastal suspended sediment concentration (SSC) and subsequently leads to increased risks of coastal wetland loss 2 , 11 , 12 . However, evidence of a link between river sediment supply reduction and coastal SSC decline is mixed. For example, an extensive compilation of coastal suspended sediment accumulation rates shows that coastal sediment deposition increased in the 20th century despite the construction of river dams 13 . A possible explanation is that coastal SSCs are also affected by feedbacks between coastal hydrodynamics (e.g., river flow, tides, and waves) and sediment transport (e.g., suspension, erosion, deposition, and movement) 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 . As such, a better understanding of the long-term variations of coastal SSCs and their controls is essential for accurately assessing the future of coastal communities.

Previous evaluations of global coastal SSC changes have been conducted using satellite images, revealing a decrease in SSCs in many coastal areas 18 , 19 . However, these findings were based on a limited monitoring period (e.g., from 2003 to 2012), and the underlying factors driving these changes remain unclear, impeding our comprehensive understanding of global deltaic SSC changes over recent decades. Nevertheless, for individual deltas such as the Yangtze and Mekong, numerous studies have thoroughly investigated the long-term trends in SSCs and their potential influences, revealing a decrease in SSCs attributed to dam construction and subsequent decline in river sediment supply 20 , 21 . However, it remains uncertain whether these declines hold globally, and what the relevant drivers might be.

To address these knowledge gaps, we utilized globally available satellite data between 2000 and 2020 to obtain a monthly record of coastal SSC near 349 major river deltas. We attempt to answer three fundamental questions: (i) What are the spatial and temporal patterns of coastal SSC near river deltas worldwide over the past two decades? (ii) How does SSC respond to the changes in river sediment supply? (iii) What are the possible other controls on coastal SSC near river deltas?

Mapping coastal SSC near global river deltas

We mapped coastal surface SSC near deltas using 500-m resolution moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) Terra and Aqua 8-day surface reflectance (SR) products. This mapping employed a precise coastal SSC retrieval algorithm (root mean square error = 24.9%), which we adapted from a global algorithm developed by ref. 22 based on our collected coastal in situ SSC measurements (Supplementary Fig.  1 ) (see Methods). The satellite-derived SSCs generated by this algorithm are consistent with in situ measured SSC, SSC from OLCI products (with a spatial resolution of 4 km), and SSC documented in other local studies (Supplementary Fig.  1 and Supplementary Tables  1 , 2 ). Using this algorithm and 0.58 million MODIS 8-day SR image composites from 2000 to 2020, we obtained long-term records of coastal surface SSCs around 349 major river deltas covering six continents. These examined rivers account for 64.2% of the global total water discharge 5 , covering a wide range of delta morphologies (Supplementary Fig.  2 ), including river-dominated ( n  = 136), tide-dominated ( n  = 87), and wave-dominated ( n  = 126) (from ref. 5 ). In addition to the SSC, we investigated the river sediment plume area (RPA, unit: km 2 ) as the extent where the monthly mean SSC over an SSC threshold determined for each river mouth (see Methods) (Supplementary Fig.  3 ). This metric was then used to capture the spatial variations of coastal sediment plumes at the sea surface. Our observations primarily reflect surface SSC and RPA, SSC dynamics deeper down in the water column may be different and were not considered here.

We find that the long-term mean surface SSCs displayed substantial spatial heterogeneity among the 349 deltas (Fig.  1a ), varying from 2.8 (Tamar, Australia) to 379.7 mg/L (Mahi, India), with a median of 29.1 mg/L. Among all the deltas examined, 21.5% exhibited mean SSCs below 10 mg/L, while 31.5% displayed mean SSCs over 50 mg/L. Deltas with higher SSCs, particularly those with water discharge exceeding 10,000 m 3 /s, were predominantly located in Asia (median of 41.0 mg/L) (Fig.  1b ). This higher SSC can be attributed to the substantial sediment loads from large rivers such as the Yangtze, Mekong, Ganges, and certain Arctic rivers (e.g., Kolyma and Lena) in this region (Fig.  1d ). On the other hand, deltas with lower SSCs were mainly found in Europe, with a median SSC of 20.9 mg/L. Additionally, the long-term mean SSC also varied among different delta morphologies (Fig.  1c ), with the highest SSC observed in tide-dominated deltas (median of 35.1 mg/L), while the lowest was found in wave-dominated deltas (median of 16.3 mg/L).

a The long-term mean SSC (unit: mg/L) for 349 deltas. The different circle sizes represent varying magnitudes of water discharge, while the different circle colors indicate different levels of SSC. b – d Box plots of long-term mean SSC in different continents (AF:Africa, AS:Asia, EU:Europe, NA:North America, OC:Oceania, SA:South America) ( b ), various delta morphologies ( c ), and the Arctic (with latitude >50°N) and non-Arctic deltas ( d ). The box plots in b – d show the distributions (10, 25, 50, 75, and 90% values) of SSC.

Long-term averaged RPAs also exhibited notable differences across the six continents. Large RPAs were found in South America (median of 54.8 km 2 ) (Supplementary Fig.  4a ). However, North America exhibited the largest RPAs, with a median value of 78.8 km 2 , despite having relatively low SSC values (Fig.  1 and Supplementary Fig.  4a ). This can be attributed to certain deltas within North America that have large RPAs but low SSC values, such as the Saguenay (mean SSC: 8.7 mg/L; mean RPA: 151.5 km 2 ) and Mississippi (mean SSC: 43.1 mg/L; mean RPA: 750.9 km 2 ). Additionally, the median RPA of Arctic deltas is over two times that of non-Arctic deltas (Supplementary Fig.  4c ). Heterogeneities were also observed across different delta morphologies, as both the river-dominated (median of 55.8 km 2 ) and tide-dominated (median of 52.3 km 2 ) deltas exhibited high RPAs, while the lowest RPA was found in wave-dominated deltas (median of 37.7 km 2 ) (Supplementary Fig.  4b ).

Long-term trends in coastal SSC near global river deltas

Global deltas experienced an increase of +0.46% yr −1 (or +0.23 mg/L yr −1 , p  < 0.05, Mann–Kendall test) in coastal SSC between 2000 and 2020 (Fig.  2b ). 59% (206/349) of deltas had their SSC increases over the past two decades, with approximately twice as many deltas showing a significant ( p  < 0.05) increase compared to those experiencing a significant decrease in SSC (Fig.  2a ). Increasing SSC is widespread across all six continents (Supplementary Fig.  5 ). Africa and North America exhibited the most significant increases in SSC, with a rate of +0.41 and +0.32 mg/L yr −1 , respectively. In contrast, deltas in Asia experienced a decline in SSC, with a mean decrease of −0.1 mg/L yr −1 , despite pronounced SSC increases observed in high-latitude regions (latitude >45°N) in Northern Asia (Fig.  2a ). This decline has been attributed to recent dam constructions and sediment extractions in many rivers (e.g., Yangtze and Mekong) between 2000 and 2020 21 , 23 . Additionally, deltas along the east coasts of North America, where dams are older, exhibited prominent increases in SSC, while some deltas along the southeast coasts of South America, such as Jequitinhonha (−0.59 mg/L yr −1 ) and San Francisco (−0.34 mg/L yr −1 ), experienced noticeable declines. Arctic deltas exhibited prominent increases in SSC, with a mean rate of +1.29 mg/L yr −1 , which is 18.4 times that of non-Arctic deltas (Supplementary Fig.  6a ). Among three delta morphologies, the most pronounced increase was found in river-dominated deltas, with 62.0% of these deltas displaying an increasing trend and having a mean rate of +0.36 mg/L yr −1 (Supplementary Fig.  6c ).

a Spatial patterns of the SSC trends (Mann–Kendall test) in 349 deltas. The latitudinal profiles exhibit the percentages of deltas with significant ( p  < 0.05) and insignificant SSC change trends (increase or decrease). b Variations in monthly mean SSC and RPA, along with their long-term change trends at global scales. The orange and blue dash lines represent the long-term trends of SSC and RPA, respectively. These trends were derived based on long-term monthly anomaly SSC and RPA, which were estimated as the difference between the monthly mean SSC and RPA and their long-term average for that month (see Methods). The Sen’s slope and p value obtained from the Mann–Kendall test are annotated.

We find that RPA also increases at +0.48% yr −1 (+0.64 km 2  yr −1 , p  < 0.05, Mann–Kendall test) globally (Fig.  2b ). The number of deltas with a significant ( p  < 0.05) increasing trend in RPA was 78.2% greater than those with the opposite trend (Supplementary Fig.  7 ). Increases in RPA were also observed across different continents, with the most pronounced increases found in North America (+1.94 km 2  yr −1 ) and Oceania (+0.72 km 2  yr −1 ) deltas, such as the Mississippi (+11.9 km 2  yr −1 ) and the Ord (+12.4 km 2  yr −1 ) (Supplementary Figs.  5 and 7 ). However, the RPA in Asia exhibited an insignificant ( p  > 0.05) decreasing trend, likely due to the evident decline in many large rivers, such as the Yangtze (−64.2 km 2  yr −1 ) and the Mekong (−2.8 km 2  yr −1 ) (Supplementary Figs.  5 and 7 ). Similar to SSC, a considerable increase in RPA was observed in Arctic deltas, with a mean rate of +3.94 km 2  yr −1 , which is far more than that in non-Arctic deltas (mean rate of +0.23 km 2  yr −1 ) (Supplementary Fig.  6b ). Meanwhile, over 62% of both river-dominated and tide-dominated deltas exhibited an increasing trend in RPA, with a mean rate of over +0.8 km 2  yr −1 , more than double that of wave-dominated deltas (Supplementary Fig.  6d ).

Within the latitudinal range of 30°N to 60°N, the number of deltas with a significant ( p  < 0.05) increase in RPA surpassed the numbers exhibiting other trends (e.g., insignificant increase/decrease and significant decrease) (Supplementary Fig.  7 ). However, such latitudinal patterns in SSC changes are not evident (Fig.  2a ). Moreover, ~60% of deltas with a latitude of around 5°N exhibited a significant increase in SSC, while such an increase was not notable in RPA. These trend disparities are mainly due to the complexity of the spatiotemporal response of sediment plumes to SSC variations under the influences of tide and wave forces. In fact, high sediment concentrations do not necessarily imply larger RPAs due to the intricate movements of sediment under the integrated effects of river flow, salinity, and tide and wave forces (Supplementary Fig.  3m–p ) 24 , 25 .

Response of coastal SSC near delta to river sediment supply change

To understand the potential response of SSC to river sediment supply ( Q river ), we compared the Q river change trends collected from ref. 6 with SSC variations for 186 deltas. Among these deltas, 47.9% have an increasing trend in Q river during 2000–2020 (Fig.  3 ). We observed consistent variations between Q river and SSC in 54.8% of examined deltas (Fig.  3 ). Specifically, among these 54.8% of deltas, 32.8% are gaining SSC as well as Q river . Many of these deltas are large river- and tide-dominated deltas, such as the Amazon and the Mississippi (Fig.  3b ). Consequently, these consistent increments may be attributed to the large river inputs and tidal forces, which then outweigh other controls on SSC (Fig.  3c, d ) (see also in refs. 26 , 27 ). Meanwhile, 22% of the deltas experience a redcution in both SSC and Q river , primarily located in South Asia and the southeast of South America (Fig.  3a, b ). These deltas exhibit lower Q river and higher Q wave and salinity (Fig.  3c, d ).

a Spatial patterns of the trends (increase or decrease) in Q river and SSC. The different colors represent different combinations of Q river and SSC trends (Inc.: increase; Dec.: decrease). b Scatterplot of change rates (Sen’s slopes from the Mann–Kendall test) in Q river and SSC for 186 deltas. Each quadrant (Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4) represents a combination of SSC and Q river  trends. The numbers in parentheses represent the percentages of deltas. The circle, triangle, and square represent river-, tide-, and wave-dominated deltas, and different colors represent different continents. The circles filled with orange represent that both the change rates of SSC and Q river are magnified 10 times, respectively. The circles filled with blue and green indicate a magnification of 10 times separately in only the change rates of SSC or Q river , and the circles filled with red indicate a tenfold decrease in Q river . The gray lines point out several representative deltas. c – f Box plots of long-term mean Q river , Q tide , Q wave , and salinity in different quadrants in b . The box plot shows the distributions of 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 90% values.

In contrast, we observed opposite trends between Q river and SSC in 45.2% of the deltas (Fig.  3b ). Among these, 30.1% of the deltas exhibited an increase in SSC while Q river declined, and 15.1% of the deltas showed a decline in SSC while Q river increased. Many of these deltas had lower Q river and weak tidal forces, or higher salinity and strong wave energy (Fig.  3c–f ). These findings highlight the complexity of coastal sediment in response to Q river . Other controls, such as wind, wave, or tidal currents, as well as salinity might obscure the response of SSC to Q river 16 , 28 , 29 . Furthermore, anthropogenic activities may also contribute to opposite changes between Q river and SSC. For example, channel deepening and dredging activities have resulted in high SSC in the Ems delta, despite its small and decreasing Q river 30 .

Controls on coastal SSC

Seasonal variations in coastal SSC typically correspond well to fluctuations in river sediment supply ( Q river , Pearson correlation coefficient: R  = 0.76, p  < 0.05), tidal sediment discharge in- and out of deltaic channels ( Q tide , R  = 0.71, p  < 0.05), and wave sediment movement ( Q wave , R  = 0.94, p  < 0.05) for individual deltas. Seasons with high river sediment discharge, spring tide, or strong wave energy often exhibit higher SSCs (Supplementary Fig.  8 ). However, such relationships do not necessarily extend to the long-term trends observed across deltas. Deltas with higher average wave sediment fluxes, for example, tend to have lower SSCs ( R  = −0.40, p  < 0.05, Fig.  4c ), while large tidal sediment movement ( R  = 0.31, p  < 0.05) and high river sediment discharge ( R  = 0.23, p  < 0.05) often lead to higher SSC (Fig.  4a, b ). The deviation between individual seasonal and inter-delta long-term relationships signifies the influence of coastal morphology on coastal SSC. This is evident from the fact that wave-dominated deltas showed the lowest median SSC compared to river-dominated and tide-dominated deltas (Fig.  1 ). Moreover, wave-dominated deltas are more likely to have a decreasing SSC compared to river- and tide-dominated deltas (Supplementary Fig.  6c ). This discrepancy between seasonal intra-delta and long-term inter-delta SSC dynamics suggests that wave-dominated deltas, characterized by the absence of distributary networks and sandy shorelines 31 (Supplementary Fig.  2a–f ), do not efficiently retain coastal sediment. Waves increase SSCs temporarily, but the long-term effect of higher wave dominance tends to lead to a decrease in SSC. In tide- and river-dominated deltas, on the other hand, seasonal and long-term SSCs change in the same pattern, showing their capacity to retain coastal sediments nearshore for extended periods.

a – d The relationships between SSC and Q river ( a ), Q tide ( b ), Q wave ( c ), and salinity ( d ). The number of deltas ( n ), correlation coefficients ( r ), and p values were annotated. Out of our 349 deltas, the Q river is only available for 186 deltas and salinity is available for 139 deltas, thereby the relationship analyses between Q river , Q tide , Q wave , salinity, and SSC were conducted for these deltas. The correlation coefficients are obtained based on the logarithm-transformed SSC and different factors. e Contributions of four drivers ( Q river , Q tide , Q wave , and salinity) on long-term SSC changes in 139 river deltas. The contributions (see Supplementary Table  3 ) of four drivers in each delta are presented through pie charts. The pie charts consist of five colors, representing the four drivers and residuals, with the size of each slice indicating the respective proportion.

In addition, we also found that nearshore salinity has an inverse relationship with coastal SSC. The long-term, high salinity exhibited a significantly negative correlation with delta-averaged SSC ( R  = −0.38, p  < 0.05, Fig.  4d ). Meanwhile, a significant negative correlation ( R  = −0.61, p  < 0.05) was observed between seasonal SSC and salinity for individual deltas, indicating that low SSC is greatly correlated to high salinity (Supplementary Fig.  8 ). These findings align with previous studies that have suggested an increase in coastal SSC (or turbidity) with a decrease in salinity 32 , 33 , likely associated with high freshwater river discharge events that carry sediments, or the effects of salinity on sediment flocculation and settling 34 .

To further comprehend the impacts of the four drivers ( Q river , Q tide , Q wave , and salinity) on SSC variations across different deltas, we assessed the contributions of these drivers to SSC long-term changes in 139 deltas (Fig.  4e , Methods). We observed that changes in Q river , Q tide , Q wave , and salinity significantly ( p  < 0.05) accounted for the SSC changes in 36%, 13%, 9%, and 7% of the 139 deltas, respectively (Supplementary Table  3 ). On average, the combined influence of these four drivers explained 84.3 ± 14.2% of the variations in SSC across the 139 deltas. Increases in Q river and Q tide along the Atlantic coasts of North and South America contributed the most to SSC increases there, whereas their decreases, coupled with increases in Q wave and salinity, likely led to declines in SSC in South Asia (Fig.  4e and Supplementary Fig.  9 ). Moreover, we found that Q river , Q tide , Q wave , and salinity significantly ( p  < 0.05) contributed to the SSC changes in 33%, 2%, 12%, and 7% of Arctic deltas, respectively (Supplementary Table  3 ). Despite the slight decreases in Q river and Q tide in Arctic deltas, the SSC of many deltas in this region has increased (Fig.  2 and Supplementary Fig.  9 ). This might be attributed to the weaker effects from wave and salinity, which have both decreased (Supplementary Fig.  9 ). These findings underscore the intricate responses of coastal SSCs to changes beyond river sediment supply.

We developed global coastal surface SSC and RPA datasets based on satellite images from 2000 to 2010 for 349 deltas over the past two decades. Our results indicate that in over 59% of global deltas, both coastal SSC and RPA have increased from 2000 to 2020. Prominent gains in SSCs and RPAs were observed across all six continents, except Asia, where many rivers have been widely reported to have an evident decline in river sediment flux to the ocean due to extensive dam constructions 7 , 35 .

We did not observe covariation between SSC and RPA, possibly due to limitations in satellite observations of water surface SSC and RPA. In many coastal environments, especially those governed by estuarine and wave dynamics, surface SSC can be highly localized 36 , 37 , 38 . In our study, we found significant relationships between SSC and Q river , Q tide , Q wave , and salinity (Fig.  4 ). Notably, Q river also exhibited a significant correlation with RPA (Supplementary Fig.  10a ), as supported by other studies 39 , 40 . However, we did not observe a significant relationship between RPA and Q tide (Supplementary Fig.  10b ), despite the documented impacts of tides on RPA 39 . This discrepancy may arise from strong three-dimensional effects in estuaries. For instance, tidal pumping and density-driven estuarine circulation could result in high sediment concentrations near the bed without generating a surface expression of tides on RPA 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 . In addition, waves may also confine river plumes nearshore (Supplementary Fig.  10c ) 45 . Other factors, such as the strength and direction of the wind 46 , 47 , 48 , could also modulate the horizontal extent of river plumes and obscure the relation between SSC magnitude and RPA. For instance, strong winds could result in significantly high SSC and an extensive RPA near the Yangtze estuary. In contrast, weak winds might lead to high SSC near the shore but a smaller RPA outside the river mouth, primarily due to the limited spread of turbid water 47 . Additionally, winds blowing towards the shore can lead to extremely high SSC near the coast and a constrained RPA in the Yangtze estuary, while offshore winds may result in relatively low SSC yet a broader RPA 48 .

We observed that near certain deltas, coastal SSC are closely related to Q river variations, as has also been shown elsewhere 21 , 49 . However, not all deltas exhibited consistent changes between SSC and Q river (Fig.  3a, b ), likely due to the complex influences from hydrodynamic forces (e.g., tide and wave), salinity, and human interventions (e.g., sediment dredging) 9 , 50 , 51 , 52 . For instance, although Q river has declined due to dam construction in the Mekong, there has been wave-driven enhancement of seasonal coastal SSC 20 . Additionally, river plume dynamics induced by river flow density may also complicate the relationship between Q river and SSC. Increases in Q river might densify the river flow, stimulating the development of hyperpycnal plumes without generating a surface expression in the SSC 53 , 54 , 55 . For example, in the Huanghe delta, ~80% of the river sediment on the delta front is deposited from hyperpycnal flows 56 , making surface SSC signature hard to detect. However, satellite imagery is relatively easy to capture the distinct surface SSC signature for low-density hypopycnal plumes 53 , 57 , 58 . As such, the satellite observed variations in SSC from the water surface may have poor correlations with changes in river sediment supply (Fig.  3b ).

The global SSC dynamics that we observe and their dependence on Q river offer valuable insights into sediment availability for coastal wetlands. Coastal SSC is a vital predictor when evaluating the resilience of coastal wetlands in the face of sea-level rise 19 . Previous research has raised concerns that the decline in Q river could potentially limit the availability of coastal SSC, thereby threatening the survival of wetlands 2 . To protect coastal wetlands, various studies have therefore proposed removing dams to enhance Q river and subsequently increase coastal SSC 59 , 60 . However, this may be less straightforward than previously thought. Our results indicate that not all Q river declines will lead to SSC loss, at least within the timeframe of our analysis (Fig.  4b ). In addition, we observed a prominent increase in SSCs over the past two decades. This could enhance wetland resilience to future sea-level rise, and suggest that wetland vulnerability might be overestimated in previous studies 1 .

Nonetheless, the response of coastal wetlands to SSC change appears to be complex. Through a comparison of changes between wetland areas (from ref. 61 ) and coastal SSC across 180 matched deltas, we found that nearly one-third of wetlands experienced area loss despite an increase in coastal SSC (Supplementary Fig.  11 ). This phenomenon can likely be attributed to human activities, such as coastal development 59 and land conversions 62 , as well as natural influences like land subsidence and accelerated sea-level rise 63 . Therefore, although the link between wetland accretion and coastal SSC is well-established 64 , it does not necessarily imply that increases in SSC will lead to wetland gains. The complex connections between global coastal SSC and wetlands necessitate a thorough analysis, particularly with the anticipated availability of more extensive data in the future.

Our SSC dataset could also serve as a valuable resource for the management and restoration of coastal environments. Increased coastal sediment can lead to delta area expansion, as large sedimentation creates new mudflats, which could provide more habitats for various creatures 65 . However, not all increased SSCs have positive effects on coastal ecosystems 66 . Elevated SSCs can affect underwater photosynthesis and the survival of aquatic organisms due to increased water turbidity and reduced underwater light visibility 67 . Furthermore, the increased sediment can exacerbate the deterioration of water quality and even promote algal blooms, as sediment is one of the significant carriers of land-based pollutants (such as pesticides, nutrients, and heavy metals) 68 , 69 . For example, the nutrients released from sediment, such as phosphorus and nitrogen, have enhanced the phytoplankton blooms in many lakes and coastal regions 70 , 71 . As such, whether the increased coastal SSC is beneficial to the coastal zone needs further local investigation.

In conclusion, our study contributes to understanding the spatiotemporal patterns of coastal SSC near deltas. We observed a global increase in delta coastal SSC and RPA between 2000 and 2020. This increase is partially explained by increases in river sediment supply, but some deltas go against the grain. Waves, tides, salinity, and coastal morphology also modulate coastal SSCs and explain SSCs gains despite declines in river sediment supply (Fig.  4 ). We also found that not all coastal wetlands exhibited consistent fluctuations with SSC. Our results offer valuable insights into the present distribution and dynamics of coastal sediments near river deltas. The SSC dataset can be utilized to assess the deltaic sediment balance around coastal wetlands and evaluate the threat of sea-level rise. Furthermore, it could offer crucial information for the protection and restoration of coastal areas, especially those experiencing sediment deficits.

Data sources

The MODIS Terra and Aqua 8-day SR products, with a spatial resolution of 500 m, were utilized to estimate SSC. We used 0.31 million Terra images (MOD09A1) (2000–2020) and 0.27 million Aqua images (MYD09A1) (2002–2020), totaling 0.58 million composites. All products were atmospherically corrected using an atmospheric correction algorithm based on the 6S radiative transfer 72 . A Quality Control (QC) flag indicating the quality of each pixel was used to exclude the potential artifacts (such as atmospheric correction failure) from SSC estimation. In addition, MODIS Aqua daily SR product (MYD09GA), consistent with the field sampling dates, was used to build the SSC inversion algorithm. The MODIS SR products are all accessible on Google Earth Engine (GEE).

We used six field SSC datasets to calibrate and validate the SSC inversion algorithm, including the Pearl River estuary, the Yangtze River estuary, the Yellow and East China Seas (YECS), the SeaSWIR, the CoastColour Round Robin (CCRR), and the AquaSat. Details are presented in Supplementary Fig.  1a .

We conducted three cruise surveys in the Pearl River estuary from September 2018 to January 2020, comprising 64 sampled stations. The SSCs of these samples range from 0.16 to 137.5 mg/L. Three field surveys were arranged in the Yangtze River estuary in February and June 2011 and March 2013, with 99 water samples collected. The collected SSCs vary from 0.1 to 2068.8 mg/L. The YECS dataset includes 150 water samples measured from Spring and Autumn cruises covering the Yellow and the East China Seas in 2003, with SSCs varying from 0.5 to 1762.1 mg/L.

The SeaSWIR is a publicly accessible dataset 73 , including 137 sediment samples collected from three turbid estuarine sites: the Gironde of France, the Río de La Plata of Argentina, and the Scheldt of Belgium. The SSCs in this dataset range from 48.4 to 1400.5 mg/L.

The CCRR, also an online free dataset 74 , compiles diverse in situ SSC data measured from multiple coastal regions worldwide. This dataset was designed to calibrate and evaluate algorithm performance. The SSCs used in this research range from 0.17 to 506 mg/L.

The AquaSat assembled various in situ water constituent data encompassing inland and coastal waters across the USA. This compilation was sourced from two existing publicly available datasets, namely the Water Quality Portal and LAGOS-NE 75 . AquaSat contains over 400,000 estuary sediment samples. However, we only considered samples meeting two specific criteria: (1) collected after 2002 to align with MODIS Aqua data availability and (2) situated at open river mouths to mitigate potential disturbances from land adjacency effects. A total of 10,686 samples met these criteria, with SSCs ranging from 0.2 to 305.3 mg/L.

To validate the accuracy of our SSC inversion algorithm, we acquired the monthly mean 4 km SSC products generated from Sentinel-3 OLCI spanning 2016–2020. These products were collected from https://sentinels.copernicus.eu/web/sentinel/user-guides/sentinel-3-olci/product-types/level-2-water , which is derived using the inherent optical property—the backscattering coefficient. The inversion formula is expressed as: SSC = 1.06*B bp442.5 ^0.942. Due to the coarse spatial resolution of Sentinel-3 OLCI, data are only available for 227 out of the 349 deltas studied. The long-term monthly dynamics and the long-term mean OLCI SSC were used to validate SSC inversion accuracy in this study.

The long-term mean river water discharge (in m 3 /s) data for 349 deltas were collected from ref. 5 to investigate the river water discharge on SSC variations. These mean water discharges were generated from river discharge stations.

We obtained the annual river sediment flux ( Q river ) between 2000 and 2020, as well as the multi-year monthly mean Q river , from a global fluvial sediment flux dataset created by ref. 6 . Out of the 349 examined deltas, 186 deltas were successfully matched with ref. 6 ’ s dataset. The Q river dataset was generated using the river SSC derived from Landsat images and water discharge from matched river discharge stations. The Landsat-derived SSC mainly originates from pixels in the river channels, which may be several times larger than our coastal SSC. Such a significant discrepancy arises partly due to the size and flow rate of the river, and also because of the different areas estimated (e.g., river channels vs river coasts), which have different driving forces. The water discharge (measured in cubic meters per second, m 3 /s) represents the fluvial flow passing through the entire river cross-section. Note that the Q river employed in this study, derived from remote sensing surface SSC and water discharge, may be more applicable to the well-mixed macro-tidal estuaries. This is because, in meso- or micro-tidal estuaries, three-dimensional effects may significantly modulate river flow, introducing uncertainties in Q river analysis. In the future, to obtain a more accurate Q river in these systems, the combination of remote sensing and modeling could be considered as an alternative approach.

We collected the monthly tidal sediment flux ( Q tide ) using the monthly mean tidal amplitude ( a ), angular velocity ( ω ), channel slope ( s ), tidal efficiency coefficient ( k ), upstream channel depth ( du ), and the channel aspect ratio ( β ) of estuaries. The daily tidal amplitudes during 2000–2020 were extracted from OSU TPXO, and were aggregated into monthly means. Other coefficients were obtained from ref. 76 . Similar to ref. 5 , Q tide was evaluated as follows:

Where Q river is fluvial sediment flux (kg/s) and Q wriver denotes water discharge (m 3 /s), both of which are obtained from ref. 6 .

We assessed the daily wave sediment flux ( Q wave ) using the daily mean wave height ( h ) and wave period ( p ) from 2000 to 2009 extracted from NOAA WaveWatch III for each delta, following the method of ref. 5 :

Where k 1 is an empirical constant, approximately equal to 0.06. Further details about k 1 are described in ref. 31 . Finally, all daily Q wave values were aggregated into monthly means.

All the monthly Q tide and Q wave data were aggregated into annual means to track long-term changes and their contributions to SSC changes. As Q wave data are not available after 2010, we utilized the mean values from 2009 to represent conditions from 2010 to 2020 and conducted the trend and contribution analyses. Finally, these three sediment flux data were collected for the 186 matched deltas to investigate the relationships between hydrodynamic forces (river sediment discharge, tides, and waves) and changes in SSC.

We utilized the monthly salinity dataset from 2000 to 2020 to explore the relationships between salinity and coastal SSC changes. This dataset was acquired from the GLORYS12V1 product ( https://data.marine.copernicus.eu/product/GLOBAL_MULTIYEAR_PHY_001_030/description ), which is a reanalysis product with a spatial resolution of 1/12° (~8 km). Due to the coarse resolution of this product, only 139 out of 349 examined deltas had available salinity data. All the monthly salinity data were aggregated into annual mean to track the long-term salinity changes and their contributions to SSC changes.

We obtained wetland change data for the 349 deltas from the global tidal wetland change dataset 61 , available on the GEE platform, to investigate potential responses of wetlands to SSC changes. This dataset was derived from Landsat satellite images and offers insights into global wetland gain and loss extents within a 5-km buffer around intertidal ecosystems or along the coastal line from 1999 to 2019 61 . Among the 349 deltas examined, 180 deltas were matched with the wetland dataset.

We acquired the dataset on delta morphologies from ref. 5 , which classified deltas into river-dominated, tide-dominated, and wave-dominated categories based on the dominant sediment flux shaping delta morphology. This data was utilized to assess the relationship between delta morphology and SSC change.

Determination of studied river deltas

We examined 349 river deltas distributed across the globe, ranging from small to large deltas, with mean annual river water discharges from 1.3 to 138,650 m 3 /s, representing 64.2% of the global total water discharge 5 . These deltas were compiled from ref. 5 , encompassing a diverse range of delta systems, including river-dominated, tide-dominated, and wave-dominated (Supplementary Fig.  2 ).

SSC retrieval algorithm

To retrieve coastal SSC with a wide dynamic range (e.g., from clear to turbid) using satellite images, numerous algorithms have been developed over the past decades 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 . Nevertheless, most of these algorithms require a reflectance threshold from specific wavelengths as the blending boundaries, which varies among different research. Recently, several algorithms for estimating global coastal sediment have been proposed 18 , 22 , 81 , enabling the quantification of coastal sediment at global levels. In this study, we conducted accuracy assessments for these algorithms based on in situ measured data and MODIS SR data to select the most accurate algorithm for SSC inversion.

Initially, we selected matchups between the daily MODIS Aqua SR data and in situ SSC data for the same day, excluding samples within three pixels of land-water boundaries or clouds to prevent land or cloud contaminations. This resulted in a total of 509 matchups. Subsequently, we used these matchups to conduct a recalibration (details see Supplementary Note  1 ) of several typical existing coastal SSC inversion algorithms, including the algorithm from ref. 77 (hereafter as Han_adapted), ref. 78 (hereafter as Feng_adapted), and ref. 22 (hereafter as Yu_adapted), and assessed their accuracy. We found that after calibrating algorithm parameters based on our in situ measured data and MODIS SR data, Han_adapted had the largest error (overall accuracy >51%), with RMSE exceeding 50% in both clear (<50 mg/L) and turbid water (≥50 mg/L) (Supplementary Table  1 ). Feng_adapted achieved a better overall accuracy of around 28%, with accuracies of 28.5% for clear water and 48.6% for turbid water. The model with the highest accuracy was Yu_adapted, with an overall accuracy of 24.9%, particularly performing well in clear water (RMSE = 24.9%), and 49.1% for turbid water (Supplementary Fig.  1 and Table  1 ). Considering the SSCs of the majority of deltas are not extremely high, in this study, we adopted the Yu_adapted algorithm (see below) to invert SSC from MODIS SR products.

Where R 469 , R 555 , R 645 , and R 859 represent the blue, green, red, and NIR reflectance from MODIS SR products.

To further validate the accuracy of Yu_adapted, we first compared the ranges of our MODIS-derived SSC to the previously reported SSC through a review of published literature. In total, 31 deltas across the globe were examined (Supplementary Table  2 ). We observed that our MODIS-derived SSC aligns well with the published SSC for most deltas, yet discrepancies also exist in some deltas. Considering the disagreements of the investigation time and satellite sensor selections, these disparities are considered acceptable. Additionally, we compared the multi-year average SSC between 500-m MODIS and 4-km Sentinel-3 OLCI, noting that the average SSC from MODIS compared to OLCI has a mean ratio of 1.41 ± 0.83 (Supplementary Fig.  1e ). However, when SSC exceeds 100 mg/L, the average SSC from MODIS is noticeably higher than that from OLCI. Given the differences in spatial resolution, we believe such discrepancies are acceptable. Furthermore, we separately compared the temporal variations in monthly mean SSC from 2016 to 2020 for several typical estuaries, ranging from clear to turbid. We observed that the trends based on MODIS and OLCI are very similar (Supplementary Fig.  12 ). Consequently, we applied the Yu_adpated algorithm to MODIS Aqua and Terra 8-day SR products to retrieve coastal SSC for the 349 deltas. The MODIS Terra has been noted for its radiometric degradation and calibration errors, often deemed unreliable in the ocean color community 82 . However, we observed comparable magnitude and dynamics of SSC from Terra and Aqua across clear to turbid waters (Supplementary Fig.  13 ), which has also been documented in previous research 83 . Therefore, we adopted Terra data to complement Aqua observation in this research.

We acknowledge that ideally, the MODIS remote sensing reflectance (Rrs), generated using an atmospheric correction approach tailored for ocean color application 84 , should be utilized to derive SSC. Since the MODIS SR were produced using a land-based atmospheric correction algorithm 72 , which does not correct for skylight reflection at the air-water interface (e.g., Fresnel reflection), potentially introducing errors in clear water body inversion. However, a high spatial resolution (i.e., <1000 km) Rrs product is not readily available globally, which limits monitoring capabilities for small estuaries or bays. Indeed, the MODIS SR has been proven to have good agreement with Rrs in both spatial and temporal patterns in turbid inland or coastal water 85 . Moreover, the skylight reflection problem could be mitigated to some extent through band ratio methods 24 , 86 . More importantly, the MODIS SR product (with a resolution of 500 m) has global coverage and can be freely accessed through GEE, enabling general users to perform global applications. To date, the MODIS SR has been widely used in inland and coastal water quality monitoring 83 , 87 , 88 . In the future, with continued advancements in data processing and storage capabilities, we believe it will be feasible to estimate global SSC based on Rrs derived from ocean color atmospheric correction.

Determination of the studied region and RPA of the river delta

To determine the final study region for 349 deltas, a 70% frequency with SSC over a specific SSC threshold was adopted to delineate the region boundary (Supplementary Fig.  14 ). The detailed methodology is outlined as follows: (1) A point near the river mouth was designated, and a 5-km buffer around this point was computed. Subsequently, median SSC values within the 5-km buffer in each monthly mean SSC image during 2000–2020 (totaling 251 months) were collected. (2) These 251 median SSC values were arranged in ascending order, and the 5th percentile (5%) of these ascending SSC was selected as the SSC threshold (SSC threshold ). Then the frequency of each pixel with SSC over SSC threshold in the 251 months was counted, and pixels with a frequency exceeding 70% of 251 (e.g., 251 × 70% = 176) were chosen to form the final study region.

To assess the impact of the study region determined by using different frequency percentage thresholds (e.g., 70%) on the average SSC, we performed a sensitivity test. Specifically, we calculated the mean SSC determined by using low-frequency ( S low ) and high-frequency ( S high ) thresholds, respectively. Subsequently, we calculated a relative difference (RD) between S low and S high to illustrate the potential impacts arising from the use of different frequency thresholds (for example, RD 65%  = ( S 70% − S 65% )/S 65% ). We found that the RD remains at 5% when employing a frequency percentage from 50% to 70%, yet increases to over 10% when using a frequency threshold exceeding 70%. Consequently, we opted for a threshold of 70%.

The monthly RPA was delineated for the aforementioned final study region using the monthly mean SSC and the specific SSC threshold for each delta. We identified the pixels with a monthly mean SSC exceeding the SSC threshold (as described above), and the maximum extent formed by all these pixels was regarded as the RPA for that month (Supplementary Fig.  3 ).

Given the potential for incomplete data coverage in monthly synthesis from Terra and Aqua, we assert that the monthly SSC and RPA are reliable only when the valid data in monthly images exceeds 50% (i.e., a ratio of valid pixels to the total pixels in study region). Through sensitivity analysis, we found that when the valid ratio threshold varies from 50% to 70%, less than 2% of deltaic SSC trends alter. However, when the threshold exceeds 80%, over 5% of deltaic trends change, likely due to a notable reduction in the data volume used in trend analysis. We noted that, for most months between 2000 and 2020, valid coverage for the majority of deltas exceeded 50%. Hence, the 50% threshold was adopted. Nonetheless, certain deltas may not meet the 50% threshold in specific months. In such instances, we mitigated data gaps by averaging data from preceding and subsequent months or from the same month in adjacent years. It’s important to mention that some high-latitude estuaries may lack data during winter and spring seasons. In such instances, our statistical analysis relies solely on available data for certain quarters.

Delta wetland area changes

We gathered data on wetland gain and loss extents near deltas from the wetland dataset and computed the net wetland area change (in km 2 ) for each delta by taking the difference between increased and decreased area.

Statistical analysis

The SSC and RPA monthly mean anomaly, determined as the differences between the monthly mean SSC and RPA and their corresponding long-term average for that specific month, were used to examine the long-term change trend in these two parameters over the past two decades. This anomaly processing is primarily used to remove the seasonal interference in long-time series data, thereby achieving precise monitoring of long-term changes 89 . We employed Sen’s slope (obtained from the Mann–Kendall test) of the long-term monthly mean anomaly, multiplied by 12 (representing 12 months a year), as the mean yearly change rate to evaluate the SSC and RPA variations for each delta, and the associated P value ( p ) was used to assess whether the changing trends were statistically significant ( p  < 0.05). The monthly anomaly SSC and RPA at global or continental scales were generated by using the average monthly SSC and RPA from 349 deltas or from deltas located on different continents.

Furthermore, the Sen’s slope (Mann–Kendall test) of the annual mean Q river , Q tide , Q wave , and salinity was adopted to indicate the long-term changes in Q river , Q tide , Q wave , and salinity, with associated p value used to assess the significance of the change trends. The trend analysis using Mann–Kendall was conducted in MATLAB 2021.

Correlation analyses were conducted to assess the relationships between the annual mean SSC and four drivers ( Q river , Q tide , Q wave , and salinity). Subsequently, a multiple general linear model (GLM) regression analysis 90 was performed to quantify the contributions of these four drivers to SSC changes over the past two decades. The relative contribution of each factor was determined by calculating the ratio of the mean sum of squares (MeanSq) of the specific driver and the total MeanSq (Supplementary Table  3 ). The p value (e.g., p  < 0.05) was estimated to examine whether the correlation coefficients and contributions were statistically significant. Due to the data unavailability for all four drivers, only a total of 139 examined deltas were included in the GLM analysis. Both correlation relationship and GLM analysis were conducted using R 3.3.0.

Data availability

The entire MODIS-derived global deltaic coastal SSC data in this study have been deposited in the Figshare database under accession code https://figshare.com/s/153cf61cd73819cb2e30 .

Code availability

Code to reproduce the findings is available on https://codeocean.com/capsule/6854747/tree .

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Acknowledgements

We thank the NASA LP DAAC for providing MODIS SR data and GEE for providing image processing resources. We also thank Dr. Murray for providing the wetland area change data and Dr. Dethier for providing the river sediment flux data. L.F., X.H., and F.S. were supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos: 42321004, 42301392, and 42271348). X.H. was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, Sun Yat-Sen University (NO: 23qnpy08). J.N. was supported by the National Science Foundation (EAR-GLD-1810855) and the Dutch Research Council (VENI.192.123).

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Xuejiao Hou

Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands

Xuejiao Hou, Danghan Xie & Jaap H. Nienhuis

Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA

Danghan Xie

School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China

State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China

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X.H.: methodology, data processing and analyses, and writing; L.F. and J.N.: conceptualization, methodology, supervision, and writing; D.X.: analyses and writing; F.S.: in situ data acquisition and writing. All authors participated in interpreting the results and refining the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Lian Feng or Jaap H. Nienhuis .

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Hou, X., Xie, D., Feng, L. et al. Sustained increase in suspended sediments near global river deltas over the past two decades. Nat Commun 15 , 3319 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-47598-6

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-47598-6

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